Domestic water hardness, genetic risk, and distinct phenotypes of cardiovascular disease.

IF 5.3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Health Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI:10.1186/s12940-025-01166-7

Feng Tian, Genfeng Yu, Mengyuan Yang, Ying Sun, Zihao Gui, Xiaoyu Zhao, Ningjian Wang, Heng Wan, Xuetao Peng

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Aims: The study aimed to investigate the association between domestic water hardness and the incidence of AF and the interaction effects between water hardness and genetic susceptibility to incident AF risk. As a secondary objective, its associations with incident heart failure (HF), coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke were measured.

Methods: The UK Biobank is a prospective cohort study comprising over 500,000 participants recruited in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2010, aged 37 to 73 years. A total of 447,950 participants did not have prevalent AF, and 423,946 participants who were free of HF, CHD, and stroke at baseline were included. Water hardness was assessed by CaCO₃ concentration. The genetic risk score for AF was based on the standard polygenic risk score. Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were conducted.

Results: During a median follow-up of 13.74 years, 30,726 (6.86%) individuals were diagnosed with AF for the first time. Compared with those with water hardness ≤ 60 mg/L, individuals with domestic water hardness 121-180 mg/L had a 17% lower risk of developing AF (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.79-0.87), but water hardness of 61-120 mg/L and > 180 mg/L was associated with a higher risk of incident AF (both 1.04, 1.01-1.07). A non-linear relationship between water hardness and incident AF (P for non-linear = 0.001) was found. Individuals with water hardness 121-180 mg/L were also significantly associated with a lower risk of incident HF (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75-0.89), CHD (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.76-0.84) and stroke (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.95). There were no significant interaction effects between water hardness level and genetic susceptibility to AF, HF, CHD, and stroke risk (all P for interaction > 0.05).

Conclusion: Potential U-shaped associations between domestic water hardness and incident AF across varying levels of genetic risk were found. Hard water (121-180 mg/L) may offer the most benefits compared to soft water when considering overall cardiovascular health, including AF, HF, CHD, and stroke.

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目的：该研究旨在探讨家庭用水硬度与房颤发病率之间的关系，以及水硬度与房颤发病风险遗传易感性之间的交互作用。作为次要目标，研究还测量了水硬度与心力衰竭（HF）、冠心病（CHD）和中风发病率之间的关系：英国生物库是一项前瞻性队列研究，由 2006 年至 2010 年间在英国招募的 50 多万名年龄在 37 岁至 73 岁之间的参与者组成。共有 447,950 名参与者未患流行性房颤，423,946 名参与者基线时未患高血压、心脏病和中风。水硬度通过 CaCO3 浓度进行评估。房颤遗传风险评分基于标准多基因风险评分。研究人员采用了 Cox 比例危险回归模型和限制性立方样条曲线（RCS）分析：在中位 13.74 年的随访期间，30726 人（6.86%）首次被诊断为房颤。与水硬度≤60 mg/L的人相比，家庭用水硬度为121-180 mg/L的人患心房颤动的风险低17%（HR 0.83，95% CI 0.79-0.87），但水硬度为61-120 mg/L和>180 mg/L的人患心房颤动的风险更高（两者均为1.04，1.01-1.07）。研究发现，水硬度与心房颤动事件之间存在非线性关系（非线性关系的 P = 0.001）。水硬度为 121-180 毫克/升的人发生高血压（HR 0.82，95% CI 0.75-0.89）、冠心病（HR 0.80，95% CI 0.76-0.84）和中风（HR 0.88，95% CI 0.81-0.95）的风险也明显较低。水硬度水平与房颤、高血压、冠心病和中风风险的遗传易感性之间没有明显的交互作用（交互作用的 P 均大于 0.05）：结论：研究发现，在不同的遗传风险水平下，生活用水硬度与心房颤动事件之间存在潜在的 U 型关系。与软水相比，硬水（121-180 毫克/升）对心血管健康（包括心房颤动、高血压、冠心病和中风）的益处最大。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environmental Health 环境科学-公共卫生、环境卫生与职业卫生

CiteScore

10.10

自引率

1.70%

发文量

115

审稿时长

3.0 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Health publishes manuscripts on all aspects of environmental and occupational medicine and related studies in toxicology and epidemiology. Environmental Health is aimed at scientists and practitioners in all areas of environmental science where human health and well-being are involved, either directly or indirectly. Environmental Health is a public health journal serving the public health community and scientists working on matters of public health interest and importance pertaining to the environment.