Investigation of structural, magnetic, and electromagnetic properties of bismuth and zinc co-doped magnesium ferrite nanoparticles

Abstract

Herein, we investigated the structural, microstructural, optical, magnetic, dielectric, electrochemical and electromagnetic properties of zinc and bismuth co-doped magnesium nanoferrites. The crystallite sizes varied between 19.68 nm and 26.00 nm, whereas lattice parameters and other structural parameters also changed due to the co-doping. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the flake-like morphology with homogeneous distribution of grains and the grain size ranges from 2.59 to 4.42 μm. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed the increase in bandgap energy from 1.57 to 1.67 eV with co-doping. Electrochemical analysis suggested improved charge/discharge capacity and cycling stability with co-doping. The prepared samples exhibited low dielectric and magnetic loss tangents, moderate relative permittivity, and permeability, rendering them suitable for X-band antennas. The combined effect of Bi and Zn doping resulted in enhanced performance, allowing for the development of novel antenna designs and applications at high frequencies within the 8.2–12.4 GHz range, with greater functionality and efficiency. Variation of doping concentrations was seen in the studies of saturation magnetization, coercivity, and remanence. Doping enhances magnetic anisotropy, which allows for adjustable stability in magnetic orientations, rendering them well suited for multifunctional applications.