Chenghao Ren , Hongxiang Jia , Dongsheng Wang , Hongquan She , Jinwen Li , Hui Chen
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Bayan Obo is one of the largest iron ore deposits in China and holds the world’s largest resources of rare earth elements (REE). The enrichment mechanisms of ore-forming elements and the metallogenic model of the deposit have been the focus of extensive research. Various carbonatites in the deposit are complex in composition and contain a notable amount of REE-bearing minerals, making them among the most favorable hosts for REE-rich ores globally. The carbonatites at Bayan Obo follow an evolutionary sequence from iron-rich to magnesium-rich and finally to calcium-rich types, with iron-rare-earth ores primarily hosted in dolomitic and siderite carbonatites. In this study, we reveal the genesis of the Bayan Obo deposit by examining siderite carbonatites using Fe-Mg, Sr-Nd-Pb and C-O isotopes, as well as whole-rock major and trace geochemical analyses. The results show that the Fe isotopic variation in the siderite carbonatites is narrow, with δ56Fe ranging from −0.33 ‰ to −0.08 ‰. The δ26Mg values range from −1.31 ‰ to −0.09 ‰, indicating a mantle source. The εNd(t) values and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the siderite carbonatites are concentrated between −0.72 to 1.65 and 0.702869 to 0.704619, respectively. The Pb isotopic compositions exhibit comparable 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb ratios (15.992 to 16.482 and 15.271 to 15.412, respectively), but variable 208Pb/204Pb ratios (36.701 to 51.566). The δ13CV-PDB values range from −3.66 ‰ to −0.13 ‰, and δ18OV-SMOW values range from 10.89 ‰ to 13.66 ‰. Major and trace elements composition show comparable geochemical properties to the dolomitic carbonatites but differ from sedimentary carbonate rocks. These isotopic characteristics are consistent with those of carbonatites originating from primitive mantle sources, confirming the magmatic origin of the siderite carbonatites. The Fe isotope fractionation between magnetite and siderite is small (with an average of 0.17 ‰), suggesting a high-temperature (>1000 °C) formation environment. Based on field observations and analytical results, combined with the regional geological context, we propose a metallogenic model for the Bayan Obo deposit. In this model, ore-forming materials (e.g., Fe, REE) are sourced from an enriched lithospheric mantle, undergoing partial melting to form initial carbonatite magma. As the magma ascends, it undergoes differentiation and evolution. The differentiated carbonatite magma carries ore-forming materials along fractures to the shallow crust. During the decline phase of the magmatic-hydrothermal events, the ore-forming materials finally precipitate within pre-existing faults or fractures in the Bayan Obo Group, forming the major ore bodies in the deposit.
期刊介绍:
Ore Geology Reviews aims to familiarize all earth scientists with recent advances in a number of interconnected disciplines related to the study of, and search for, ore deposits. The reviews range from brief to longer contributions, but the journal preferentially publishes manuscripts that fill the niche between the commonly shorter journal articles and the comprehensive book coverages, and thus has a special appeal to many authors and readers.