Exploring the implications of selective harvesting for forest dynamics: A longitudinal analysis of Sal dominated community forests

Abstract

Selective harvesting is one of the oldest and most widely used forest management systems, yet its ecological impacts in community-managed forests remain underexplored. This study investigated how forest dynamics has changed due to selection harvesting system in Nepal using data from permanent plots measured over two decades (2005–2022), largely focusing on basal area, tree density and regeneration conditions. Results indicate an increase in basal area from 13.4 to 23.1 m²/ha, accompanied by a significant decline in small-sized trees (<10 cm DBH) and minimal growth in older tree numbers, leading to a stand structure shift from an inverse J-shaped to a bell-shaped distribution. Regeneration conditions specifically for saplings were poor and declining, with few saplings (<2 cm DBH) advancing to higher-diameter classes. A linear mixed-effects model revealed a positive relationship between removal rates and regeneration, but a negative association in Sal (Shorea robusta)-dominated forests (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the need for adaptive management tailored to stand conditions. Furthermore, management interventions such targeted thinning and strategic canopy openings are particularly important to enhance regeneration and ensure sustainable production in the community-managed forests.