Aqueous Secondary Batteries: Status and Challenges

Abstract

Compared to conventional non-aqueous battery systems, aqueous secondary batteries are distinguished by their intrinsic safety, economic viability and environmental compatibility, owing to the utilization of water-based electrolytes without flammability and toxicity. Additionally, their sustainability and low manufacturing costs render them a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage applications. Nevertheless, aqueous secondary batteries generally demonstrate low energy densities and diminished performance under extreme environmental conditions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of contemporary advancements in aqueous secondary batteries, along with the challenges that currently exist. This work focuses on three principal battery systems: aqueous Li-ion batteries (ALIBs), aqueous Na-ion batteries (ANIBs), and aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). Their unique characteristics, performance metrics and challenges are critically analyzed, with particular emphasis on critical issues related to electrode materials, electrolyte stability, and overall energy density. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of innovative strategies and recent proposed advancements to address these challenges are presented.