LPG Dispersion in Confined Spaces: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The growing environmental concerns and increasingly stringent air pollution regulations for maritime emissions are driving the search for sustainable marine fuels. Among the various alternatives, LPG has emerged as a promising, environmentally friendly option, offering a viable solution during the transition to zero-emission vessels. However, concerns remain regarding the potential hazards of LPG leaks, especially in confined spaces such as storage rooms, fuel preparation areas, and engine rooms, where they can pose significant risks to seafarers and vessel safety systems. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of LPG leakage and risk management in confined spaces aboard vessels. It reviews recent experimental and theoretical research on LPG leakage behavior in such environments, offering insights into the dispersion process and associated risks. Key factors influencing LPG dispersion, including the initial temperature and pressure of the gas, atmospheric stability, leak characteristics, and ventilation conditions, are discussed in detail. The study emphasizes the importance of proper ventilation specifically in ceiling zones, side spaces, and inactive exhaust chimneys based on the arrangement of LPG equipment, to prevent gas accumulation and reduce the associated risks. Finally, the paper highlights future research directions aimed at mitigating the risks of using LPG as a marine fuel.