Analyzing the relationship between gas consumption and airborne pollutants: case study of Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals in particulate matter significantly contribute to the health risks associated with air pollution. Hence, their measurements and source apportionment are relevant. This paper comprehensively analyzes the relationship between gas consumption and PAHs and metals in the PM₁₀ fraction of particulate matter. The study investigates the potential associations using statistical techniques and quantifies the relationship between gas consumption patterns, meteorological conditions, and the measured concentrations of PAHs and metals in the atmosphere. The statistical methods comprise correlation analysis, Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), and linear regression. NMF analysis was employed to understand relationships among variables and potential sources of pollutants. NMF results revealed seasonal influences and different sources of pollutants in the studied area. PAHs with four aromatic rings have been grouped separately from 5- and 6-ring PAHs, suggesting two distinct sources of pollution – heating and traffic emissions. Metals such as As, Pb, Zn, and Cd are grouped, indicating mixed anthropogenic sources. The separation of Mn, Fe, and Cu in a distinguished group signifies their distinct origin, probably non-combustion traffic emissions (vehicle parts wearing).