The current work is focused on the investigation of the thermal stability and phase transitions of the charged black holes due to the quantum corrections of thermodynamic parameters under the deformed 2D dilaton gravity. Thermodynamic behavior of the charged black hole parameters under quantum corrections also has been observed. Black hole solutions for such a spacetime have been derived to represent the black hole mass as a function of the radius of the event horizon. At the same time, logarithmic corrections of the black hole entropy also have been incorporated. This newly obtained entropy again modifies the radius of the event horizon as well. This also exhibits a crucial impact on the black hole temperature as the temperature shows a quick change during the phase transitions with this modification. In addition, different temperature-entropy \((T-S)\) criticalities are studied. Possibilities of different types of phase transitions are also speculated through the study of the specific heat. Further, some arguments on the geometrical thermodynamic behavior for the proposed system are made regarding the bound, stability and phase transitions. Significantly, the region of divergence of the black holes for the corresponding Ricci has been found and explored. Again, the study of Gibbs free energy gives different important cuspidal nodes. The physical significance of these cusps is also discussed. We have achieved an explicit scenario of the thermal stability and phase evolution of the charged black holes under quantum corrections under the deformed 2D dilaton gravity.