Revolutionizing immunization: a comprehensive review of mRNA vaccine technology and applications.

IF 4 3区 医学 Q2 VIROLOGY
Kai Yuan Leong, Seng Kong Tham, Chit Laa Poh
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Abstract

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as a transformative platform in modern vaccinology. mRNA vaccine is a powerful alternative to traditional vaccines due to their high potency, safety, and efficacy, coupled with the ability for rapid clinical development, scalability and cost-effectiveness in manufacturing. Initially conceptualized in the 1970s, the first study about the effectiveness of a mRNA vaccine against influenza was conducted in 1993. Since then, the development of mRNA vaccines has rapidly gained significance, especially in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Their unprecedented success during the COVID-19 pandemic, as demonstrated by the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, highlighted their transformative potential. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mRNA vaccine technology, detailing the structure of the mRNA vaccine and its mechanism of action in inducing immunity. Advancements in nanotechnology, particularly lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as delivery vehicles, have revolutionized the field. The manufacturing processes, including upstream production, downstream purification, and formulation are also reviewed. The clinical progress of mRNA vaccines targeting viruses causing infectious diseases is discussed, emphasizing their versatility and therapeutic potential. Despite their success, the mRNA vaccine platform faces several challenges, including improved stability to reduce dependence on cold chain logistics in transport, enhanced delivery mechanisms to target specific tissues or cells, and addressing the risk of rare adverse events. High costs associated with encapsulation in LNPs and the potential for unequal global access further complicate their widespread adoption. As the world continues to confront emerging viral threats, overcoming these challenges will be essential to fully harness the potential of mRNA vaccines. It is anticipated that mRNA vaccines will play a major role in defining and shaping the future of global health.

免疫革命:mRNA 疫苗技术和应用的全面回顾。
信使RNA (mRNA)疫苗已成为现代疫苗学的变革平台。mRNA疫苗是传统疫苗的有力替代品,因为它具有高效力、安全性和有效性,以及快速临床开发、可扩展性和生产成本效益的能力。mRNA疫苗的概念最初是在20世纪70年代提出的,1993年进行了第一次关于mRNA疫苗抗流感有效性的研究。从那时起,mRNA疫苗的开发迅速获得了重大意义,特别是在抗击COVID-19大流行方面。辉瑞- biontech和Moderna疫苗在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间取得了前所未有的成功,凸显了它们的变革潜力。本文对mRNA疫苗技术进行了全面分析,详细介绍了mRNA疫苗的结构及其诱导免疫的作用机制。纳米技术的进步,特别是脂质纳米颗粒(LNPs)作为运载工具,已经彻底改变了该领域。生产过程,包括上游生产,下游净化和配方也进行了审查。本文讨论了针对传染病病毒的mRNA疫苗的临床进展,强调了它们的多功能性和治疗潜力。尽管取得了成功,mRNA疫苗平台仍面临一些挑战,包括提高稳定性以减少运输中对冷链物流的依赖,增强针对特定组织或细胞的递送机制,以及解决罕见不良事件的风险。与lnp封装相关的高成本以及全球获取不平等的可能性进一步使其广泛采用复杂化。随着世界继续面临新出现的病毒威胁,克服这些挑战对于充分利用mRNA疫苗的潜力至关重要。预计mRNA疫苗将在确定和塑造全球卫生的未来方面发挥重要作用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Virology Journal
Virology Journal 医学-病毒学
CiteScore
7.40
自引率
2.10%
发文量
186
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Virology Journal is an open access, peer reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of virology, including research on the viruses of animals, plants and microbes. The journal welcomes basic research as well as pre-clinical and clinical studies of novel diagnostic tools, vaccines and anti-viral therapies. The Editorial policy of Virology Journal is to publish all research which is assessed by peer reviewers to be a coherent and sound addition to the scientific literature, and puts less emphasis on interest levels or perceived impact.
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