Pharmacological modes of plant-derived compounds for targeting inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive review on immunomodulatory perspective.
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by joint inflammation, synovial swelling, loss of articular structures, swelling, and pain. RA is a major cause of discomfort and disability worldwide, associated with infectious agents, genetic determinants, epigenetic factors, advancing age, obesity, and smoking. Although conventional therapies for RA alleviate the symptoms, but their long-term use is associated with significant side effects. This necessitates the urge to discover complementary and alternative medicine from natural products with minimum side effects.
Purpose: In this review, natural product's potential mechanism of action against RA has been documented in the setting of in-vivo, in-vitro and pre-clinical trials, which provides new treatment opportunities for RA patients. The bioefficacy of these natural product's bioactive compounds must be further studied to discover novel natural medications for RA with high selectivity, improved effectiveness, and economic replacement with minimum side effects.
Study design and methods: The current review article was designed systematically in chronological order. Plants and their phytochemicals are discussed in an order concerning their mode of action. All the mechanisms of action are depicted in diagrams which are thoroughly generated by the Chembiodraw to maintain the integrity of the work. Moreover, by incorporating the recent data with simple language which is not incorporated previously, we tried to provide a molecular insight to the readers of every level and ethnicity. Moreover, Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Science Direct databases were used to collect the data.
Solution: Traditionally, various plant extracts and bioactive compounds are effectively used against RA, but their comprehensive pharmacological mechanistic actions are rarely discussed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to systematically review the efficacy and proposed mechanisms of action of different plants and their bioactive compounds including Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (celastrol and triptolide), Nigella sativa (thymoquinone), Zingiber officinale (shogaols, zingerone), Boswellia serrata (boswellic acids), Curcuma longa (curcumin), and Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) against rheumatoid arthritis.
Conclusion: These plants have strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-arthritic effects in different study designs of rheumatoid arthritis with negligible side effects. Phytomedicines could revolutionize pharmacology as they act through alternative pathways hence seeming biocompatible.
期刊介绍:
Inflammopharmacology is the official publication of the Gastrointestinal Section of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) and the Hungarian Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Society (HECPS). Inflammopharmacology publishes papers on all aspects of inflammation and its pharmacological control emphasizing comparisons of (a) different inflammatory states, and (b) the actions, therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs employed in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The comparative aspects of the types of inflammatory conditions include gastrointestinal disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn''s disease), parasitic diseases, toxicological manifestations of the effects of drugs and environmental agents, arthritic conditions, and inflammatory effects of injury or aging on skeletal muscle. The journal has seven main interest areas:
-Drug-Disease Interactions - Conditional Pharmacology - i.e. where the condition (disease or stress state) influences the therapeutic response and side (adverse) effects from anti-inflammatory drugs. Mechanisms of drug-disease and drug disease interactions and the role of different stress states
-Rheumatology - particular emphasis on methods of measurement of clinical response effects of new agents, adverse effects from anti-rheumatic drugs
-Gastroenterology - with particular emphasis on animal and human models, mechanisms of mucosal inflammation and ulceration and effects of novel and established anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory agents, or antiparasitic agents
-Neuro-Inflammation and Pain - model systems, pharmacology of new analgesic agents and mechanisms of neuro-inflammation and pain
-Novel drugs, natural products and nutraceuticals - and their effects on inflammatory processes, especially where there are indications of novel modes action compared with conventional drugs e.g. NSAIDs
-Muscle-immune interactions during inflammation [...]