Balloon dissection for robotic totally extra-peritoneal (rTEP) inguinal herniorrhaphy: description of a modified technique and report on 97 consecutive patients.

Abstract

Purpose: As the use of robotic platforms for inguinal hernia repairs continues to grow, the rTAPP (Robotic Trans-Abdominal Pre-Peritoneal) approach is being performed significantly more often than rTEP (Robotic Totally Extra-Peritoneal) and is predominantly taught to newly trained robotic surgeons. This study's primary objective was to evaluate the feasibility of a proposed modified rTEP technique that incorporates balloon dissection as a primary tool, enabling the horizontal placement of three trocars aligned with the umbilicus. Secondary objectives included evaluation of safety and effectiveness of this technique, and of the learning curve required to reach proficiency.

Methods: From February 2023 to April 2024, a total of 97 consecutive patients (87 males, 10 females) with an average age of 61 years (range 17-89) and a mean body mass index of 26 kg/m² (21-37) underwent rTEP for the repair of 122 inguinal and femoral hernias. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon following a standardized protocol detailed in this manuscript. Key metrics and events assessed included conversions to open or laparoscopic approaches, console operating times, postoperative narcotic usage, postoperative complications, serious adverse events, unplanned returns to the operating room within 30 days, and hernia recurrences. Cumulative sum (CUSUM)_sequential analysis was used for determination of the learning curve.

Results: Repaired hernias included 57 indirect (46.7%), 48 direct (39.3%), 4 femoral (3.3%) and 13 mixed (10.7%). There were no conversions to open or laparoscopic surgery, and the average console time was 45 min for unilateral repairs and 68 min for bilateral repairs. 70% of patients elected not to use the narcotic prescribed for postoperative analgesia. There was one serious adverse event (1/97, 1.0%), and one unplanned return to the operating room within 30 days (1/97, 1.0%). Over an average follow-up period of 52 weeks (range 25-87 weeks), there was one recurrence (1/122, 0.8%). In our analysis of the learning curve, we found that proficiency was reached around the 24th non-complex unilateral case.

Conclusion: The modified rTEP technique utilizing balloon dissection is feasible, reproducible and time efficient. This study demonstrates its safety and effectiveness. The technique provides superior visualization of the extraperitoneal space, facilitates manipulation of robotic wristed instruments, and ensures proper mesh placement. Early postoperative outcomes suggest that rTEP could play an important role in the surgical management of inguinal and femoral hernias. Further studies are needed to provide data on short and long-term quality of life, and to compare rTEP to rTAPP.