{"title":"Ion Moment Variability Across Substorm Phases: Statistical Insights","authors":"Sanjay Kumar, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, T. Pitkänen","doi":"10.1029/2024JA032953","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we analyze 5 years of THEMIS and MMS mission data to statistically investigate the distribution of earthward and tailward ion flows during three substorm phases in Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet. The average flow patterns reveal primarily slow sunward and occasional fast tailward convection throughout all substorm phases. Most earthward flows in the plasma sheet had speeds around 35 km/s within the region <span></span><math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mi>X</mi>\n <mo>></mo>\n <mo>−</mo>\n <mn>15</mn>\n <mspace></mspace>\n <msub>\n <mi>R</mi>\n <mi>E</mi>\n </msub>\n </mrow>\n <annotation> $X > -15\\ {R}_{E}$</annotation>\n </semantics></math>, as observed by THEMIS, while peak velocities reached up to 350 km/s in areas where <span></span><math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mi>X</mi>\n <mo><</mo>\n <mo>−</mo>\n <mn>15</mn>\n <mspace></mspace>\n <msub>\n <mi>R</mi>\n <mi>E</mi>\n </msub>\n </mrow>\n <annotation> $X< -15\\ {R}_{E}$</annotation>\n </semantics></math>, as observed by MMS-1. Tailward flows showed velocities near 30 km/s earthward of <span></span><math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mi>X</mi>\n <mo>≈</mo>\n <mo>−</mo>\n <mn>15</mn>\n </mrow>\n <annotation> $X\\approx -15$</annotation>\n </semantics></math>, according to THEMIS, with peak velocities of 300 km/s in the region <span></span><math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mi>X</mi>\n <mo>></mo>\n <mo>−</mo>\n <mn>15</mn>\n <mspace></mspace>\n <msub>\n <mi>R</mi>\n <mi>E</mi>\n </msub>\n </mrow>\n <annotation> $X > -15\\ {R}_{E}$</annotation>\n </semantics></math>, based on MMS-1 data. Dusk-dawn <span></span><math>\n <semantics>\n <mrow>\n <mfenced>\n <msub>\n <mi>V</mi>\n <mrow>\n <mo>⊥</mo>\n <mi>y</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n </mfenced>\n </mrow>\n <annotation> $\\left({V}_{\\perp y}\\right)$</annotation>\n </semantics></math> flows exhibit duskward motion in the premidnight and midnight regions and dawnward motion in the postmidnight sector. A dawn-dusk density and pressure asymmetry was observed, with higher density and pressure on the dawn side of the near-Earth plasma sheet throughout the growth to recovery phases. Plasma sheet temperatures were generally lower during the growth and late expansion phases compared to the recovery phase, especially near midnight compared to the flanks. A Student's <i>t</i>-test revealed a statistically significant asymmetry in ion flows and plasma parameters between the dawn and dusk sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA032953","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JA032953","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
In this study, we analyze 5 years of THEMIS and MMS mission data to statistically investigate the distribution of earthward and tailward ion flows during three substorm phases in Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet. The average flow patterns reveal primarily slow sunward and occasional fast tailward convection throughout all substorm phases. Most earthward flows in the plasma sheet had speeds around 35 km/s within the region , as observed by THEMIS, while peak velocities reached up to 350 km/s in areas where , as observed by MMS-1. Tailward flows showed velocities near 30 km/s earthward of , according to THEMIS, with peak velocities of 300 km/s in the region , based on MMS-1 data. Dusk-dawn flows exhibit duskward motion in the premidnight and midnight regions and dawnward motion in the postmidnight sector. A dawn-dusk density and pressure asymmetry was observed, with higher density and pressure on the dawn side of the near-Earth plasma sheet throughout the growth to recovery phases. Plasma sheet temperatures were generally lower during the growth and late expansion phases compared to the recovery phase, especially near midnight compared to the flanks. A Student's t-test revealed a statistically significant asymmetry in ion flows and plasma parameters between the dawn and dusk sectors.
本文分析了5年来THEMIS和MMS任务的数据,统计研究了地球磁尾等离子体片在三个亚暴阶段向地和向地离子流的分布。在整个亚暴阶段,平均流型主要是缓慢的向阳对流和偶尔的快速向尾对流。在X &gt区域内,等离子体片中大多数向地球流动的速度约为35 km/s;−15 R E $X > -15\ {R}_{E}$,在X &lt;−15 R E $X< -15\ {R}_{E}$, MMS-1测得。根据THEMIS,尾流在X≈−15 $X\approx -15$方向的速度接近30 km/s,在X &gt区域的峰值速度为300 km/s;−15 R E $X > -15\ {R}_{E}$,根据MMS-1数据。黄昏-黎明V⊥$\left({V}_{\perp y}\right)$在午夜前和午夜区域呈黄昏运动,在午夜后区域呈黎明运动。观察到黎明-黄昏密度和压力不对称,近地等离子体片在生长到恢复阶段的黎明侧密度和压力较高。与恢复阶段相比,等离子体片的温度在生长和后期膨胀阶段普遍较低,特别是在午夜时分与侧翼相比。学生t检验揭示了黎明和黄昏扇区之间离子流动和等离子体参数的统计显着不对称性。