Multivariate optimization for the development of a sample preparation procedure and evaluation of trace elements in plastic toys

Journal of trace elements and minerals Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI:10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100226

Dayara Virgínia Lino Ávila , Sidnei Oliveira Souza , João Batista Pereira Junior , Victor Cerdà , Rennan Geovanny Oliveira Araujo

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Abstract

Background

Due to the rigidity and resistance caused by formation of bonds between polymer chains, plastic toys are complex matrices.

Objective

This study was Doehlert design for reagent optimization proportions employing microwave-assisted digestion of plastic toy samples. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was applied to determine the concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb. Arsenic and Sb concentrations were determined employing hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) coupled with a multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) system.

Methods

Plastic toy samples of different colors and shapes were analyzed. Accuracy and precision were measured through analysis of certified reference material of Loamy Clay 1 (CRM 052 – Trace Metals - Loamy Clay 1) along with addition and recovery tests.

Results

The limits of quantification varied between 0.03 (Cd and Mn) and 0.70 mg kg⁻¹ (Sb). All plastic toy samples exhibited concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Sb within the maximum limits established by Brazilian Institute of Metrology, Quality, and Technology (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia – INMETRO). The concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, and Ni were below the maximum limits of the Brazilian safety legislation. However, the concentration of Pb in a toy sample was higher than allowed according to European legislation (2009/48/CE), while other elemental concentrations followed European legislation.

Conclusion

The analytical capacity for spectroanalytical techniques as such ICP OES and MAFIA-HG-AFS was adequate in determining trace elements (Co, Cu, and Mn) and potentially toxic (As, Cd, Cr, Sb, Ni and Pb). It showed an excellent application for the analysis of plastic toys.

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基于多元优化的塑料玩具样品制备工艺及微量元素的评价

由于聚合物链之间形成的键所引起的刚性和阻力，塑料玩具是复杂的矩阵。目的采用Doehlert设计优化微波消解塑料玩具样品的试剂配比。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP OES）测定样品中Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb的浓度。采用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法（HG-AFS）联合多注射器流动注射分析（MSFIA）系统测定砷和锑的浓度。方法对不同颜色和形状的塑料玩具样品进行分析。通过对壤土1号认证标准物质（CRM 052 -痕量金属-壤土1号）的分析以及添加和回收试验，测定了准确度和精密度。结果定量限在0.03 （Cd和Mn）和0.70 mg kg - 1 （Sb）之间。所有塑料玩具样品的砷、镉、铬、铅和锑的浓度均在巴西计量、质量和技术研究所（Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e tecologia - INMETRO）规定的最大限度内。Co, Cu， Mn和Ni的浓度低于巴西安全立法的最大限制。然而，玩具样品中的Pb浓度高于欧洲法规（2009/48/CE）允许的浓度，而其他元素浓度符合欧洲法规。结论ICP OES和MAFIA-HG-AFS等光谱分析技术在测定微量元素（Co、Cu、Mn）和潜在毒性元素（as、Cd、Cr、Sb、Ni、Pb）方面具有较好的分析能力。它在塑料玩具的分析中有很好的应用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of trace elements and minerals Medicine and Dentistry (General), Analytical Chemistry, Environmental Science (General), Toxicology, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (General), Nutrition, Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine (General)

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审稿时长

65 days