Acteoside synthesis and biosynthesis regulation: Five years,a breakthrough

Abstract

Verbascoside or acteoside is a kind of main active ingredients in many plants, belonging to phenylethanoid glycosides. It has not only various bioactivities such as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, cardiovascular protective, antihypertensive, antioxidant,antimicrobial, anti-leishmanial, anticancer, anti-aging, anti-depressive, hepatoprotective, memory improvement and anti-osteoporosis, but also slight toxicity, poor bioavailability and good stability and easiness to be absorbed after modified, so it has great medicinal and development value. In order to provide a theoretical basis for acteoside production, utilization and research in future, we review its chemosynthesis, biosynthesis and biosynthesis regulation. Among them, the chemosynthesis has regioselective glycosylation, reduces guard group manipulation,shortens the synthesis route and improves its synthesis efficiency; the biosynthesis includes acteoside biosynthesis pathway elucidation, key gene mining and functional characterization and acteoside production, especially, based on which I establish an integrated complete biosynthesis pathway; biosynthesis regulation focuses on that of both abiotic and transcription factors. Finally, problems and perspectives regarding acteoside synthesis and biosynthesis regulation are discussed.