{"title":"Insights into therapeutic potential and practical applications of natural toxins from poisonous mushrooms.","authors":"Tharuka Wijesekara, Baojun Xu","doi":"10.1177/09603271251323134","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionMushrooms, belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, comprise approximately 14,000 known species, among which a small fraction are toxic. While toxic mushrooms are primarily associated with adverse health effects, recent research highlights their potential as sources of bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications.MethodsA systematic review was conducted using four major electronic databases: Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The literature search, completed on July 1, 2024, utilized keywords including \"Poisonous mushrooms,\" \"Mushroom toxins,\" \"Mycotoxins,\" \"Beta-glucans,\" \"Psilocybin,\" and \"Therapeutic applications.\" Articles were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, focusing on studies investigating the biochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological properties of toxic mushroom compounds. Studies unrelated to mushrooms, non-peer-reviewed sources, or those with outdated or incomplete data were excluded.ResultsThis review examines key toxic mushroom compounds such as amanitins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, orellanine, and gyromitrin, emphasizing their biosynthesis, structural features, and health effects. Despite their toxicity, compounds like beta-glucans, polysaccharides, lectins, and psilocybin exhibit immune-modulating, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. These bioactive compounds have shown promise in targeting cancer stem cells and enhancing neurotransmitter activity, positioning them as potential therapeutic agents.DiscussionUnderstanding the therapeutic potential of toxic mushroom-derived bioactive compounds bridges toxicology and pharmacology, offering novel avenues for drug discovery. Comparative analysis with existing treatments highlights their unique advantages in modern medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94029,"journal":{"name":"Human & experimental toxicology","volume":"44 ","pages":"9603271251323134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Human & experimental toxicology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09603271251323134","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/3/11 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
IntroductionMushrooms, belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, comprise approximately 14,000 known species, among which a small fraction are toxic. While toxic mushrooms are primarily associated with adverse health effects, recent research highlights their potential as sources of bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications.MethodsA systematic review was conducted using four major electronic databases: Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The literature search, completed on July 1, 2024, utilized keywords including "Poisonous mushrooms," "Mushroom toxins," "Mycotoxins," "Beta-glucans," "Psilocybin," and "Therapeutic applications." Articles were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, focusing on studies investigating the biochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological properties of toxic mushroom compounds. Studies unrelated to mushrooms, non-peer-reviewed sources, or those with outdated or incomplete data were excluded.ResultsThis review examines key toxic mushroom compounds such as amanitins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, orellanine, and gyromitrin, emphasizing their biosynthesis, structural features, and health effects. Despite their toxicity, compounds like beta-glucans, polysaccharides, lectins, and psilocybin exhibit immune-modulating, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. These bioactive compounds have shown promise in targeting cancer stem cells and enhancing neurotransmitter activity, positioning them as potential therapeutic agents.DiscussionUnderstanding the therapeutic potential of toxic mushroom-derived bioactive compounds bridges toxicology and pharmacology, offering novel avenues for drug discovery. Comparative analysis with existing treatments highlights their unique advantages in modern medicine.
蘑菇,属于子囊菌门和担子菌门,包括大约14000个已知的物种,其中一小部分是有毒的。虽然有毒蘑菇主要与不良健康影响有关,但最近的研究强调了它们作为生物活性化合物来源的潜力,具有良好的治疗应用。方法采用Web of Science、b谷歌Scholar、PubMed、ScienceDirect四个主要电子数据库进行系统评价。这项文献检索于2024年7月1日完成,使用的关键词包括“毒蘑菇”、“蘑菇毒素”、“真菌毒素”、“β -葡聚糖”、“裸盖菇素”和“治疗应用”。文章是根据特定的纳入标准选择的,重点是研究有毒蘑菇化合物的生化、毒理学和药理学特性。与蘑菇无关的研究,未经同行评审的来源,或那些过时或不完整的数据被排除在外。结果本文综述了主要的蘑菇毒性化合物,如amanitins、phallotoxins、ibotenic酸、muscimol、orelreline和gyromitrin,重点介绍了它们的生物合成、结构特征和对健康的影响。尽管有毒性,但β -葡聚糖、多糖、凝集素和裸盖菇素等化合物具有免疫调节、抗癌和神经保护特性。这些生物活性化合物在靶向癌症干细胞和增强神经递质活性方面显示出前景,使它们成为潜在的治疗药物。了解有毒蘑菇衍生的生物活性化合物的治疗潜力是毒理学和药理学的桥梁,为药物发现提供了新的途径。与现有治疗方法进行对比分析,凸显其在现代医学中的独特优势。