Access to Healthcare Among Tribal Population in India: A Cross-Sectional Household Survey.

Abstract

This study addresses significant healthcare access challenges faced by India's 104 million-strong tribal population, who are among the most disadvantaged and typically live in hilly rural and remote areas with poor health infrastructure and resources. The study aims to examine healthcare access patterns in six tribal areas, focussing on primary health centres (PHCs), to develop a strategy that improves healthcare service accessibility, quality, and utilization for tribal communities. Data were collected from 9837 participants from 24 PHC areas across six states. Most respondents (78.8%; CI: 77.98-79.61) reported monthly visits of government health workers to their habitations, indicating regular healthcare access. Two-thirds confirmed house visits in the last 3 months, primarily receiving immunisation services. A significant portion (57.38%; CI: 56.39-58.36) received health education, and a majority (64.29%; CI: 63.33-65.24) were satisfied with the services. About 77% depend on PHC and its healthcare staff, though state-wise variations exist. Common reasons for not using these services included distance (17.45%; CI: 16.71-18.22) and lack of trust (4.57%; CI: 4.17-5.01). Most respondents were examined by a doctor (60.32%; CI: 59.35-61.29) and received diagnostic tests (27.50%; CI: 26.62-28.39). Walking (21.88%; CI: 21.6-22.71) and auto-rickshaw/cab (20.23%; CI: 19.44-21.04) were the most common travel modes, with a mean travel time of 34 min. The data highlights the tribal population's preferences and experiences with primary healthcare services. Understanding these patterns can guide the design implementation research to further improve accessibility and utilisation of primary healthcare services among these vulnerable populations.