Investigating the Utility of the BrainEye Smartphone Eye Tracking Application and Platform in Concussion Management.

IF 5.9 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES
Meaghan Clough, Jade Bartholomew, Owen White, Joanne Fielding
{"title":"Investigating the Utility of the BrainEye Smartphone Eye Tracking Application and Platform in Concussion Management.","authors":"Meaghan Clough, Jade Bartholomew, Owen White, Joanne Fielding","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00819-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Concussion is a common consequence of engaging in collision sports, with the often mild, transient nature of symptoms posing a considerable diagnostic and management challenge. This challenge is vastly magnified for athletes competing at grassroots/non-professional levels, who lack field side access to medical expertise in the assessment of a player's capacity to continue playing or need for further medical attention. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the utility of the BrainEye application and hardware (BrainEye platform) as a concussion screening tool, specifically determining (1) its sensitivity and specificity with respect to identifying an individual with a clinically diagnosed concussion, (2) the stability of the platform through test completion/failure rates, and (3) its usability through operator feedback and uptake/integration into concussion management protocols.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the BrainEye platform, 348 male professional Australian Rules footballers from 10 Australian Football League (AFL) clubs completed 4 simple ocular protocols (pupillary light reflex, PLR; smooth pursuit eye movements, SMP; near-point convergence, NPC; horizontal gaze nystagmus, HGN) at baseline, prior to the onset of the 2022 AFL season, and following the clinical diagnosis of concussion throughout the season during a game/training/practice (n = 11 players immediately following a concussive event, and on 14 occasions 2-7 days following a concussive event). Although club participation and protocol adherence rates were suboptimal, with clubs citing COVID-19 restrictions and cumbersome hardware set-up as primary reasons for non-participation/missing data, a BrainEye score that derived from an algorithm combining smooth pursuit and pupillary light reflex measures, achieved 100% sensitivity relative to clinical judgement, in identifying all instances of clinically diagnosed concussion, and 85% specificity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Collectively, the results of this study suggest that by removing the requirement for add-on hardware and providing a smartphone-only option with direct feedback on performance to the user, the BrainEye application may provide a useful screening tool for sport-related concussion.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11896906/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sports Medicine - Open","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00819-8","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SPORT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Concussion is a common consequence of engaging in collision sports, with the often mild, transient nature of symptoms posing a considerable diagnostic and management challenge. This challenge is vastly magnified for athletes competing at grassroots/non-professional levels, who lack field side access to medical expertise in the assessment of a player's capacity to continue playing or need for further medical attention. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the utility of the BrainEye application and hardware (BrainEye platform) as a concussion screening tool, specifically determining (1) its sensitivity and specificity with respect to identifying an individual with a clinically diagnosed concussion, (2) the stability of the platform through test completion/failure rates, and (3) its usability through operator feedback and uptake/integration into concussion management protocols.

Results: Using the BrainEye platform, 348 male professional Australian Rules footballers from 10 Australian Football League (AFL) clubs completed 4 simple ocular protocols (pupillary light reflex, PLR; smooth pursuit eye movements, SMP; near-point convergence, NPC; horizontal gaze nystagmus, HGN) at baseline, prior to the onset of the 2022 AFL season, and following the clinical diagnosis of concussion throughout the season during a game/training/practice (n = 11 players immediately following a concussive event, and on 14 occasions 2-7 days following a concussive event). Although club participation and protocol adherence rates were suboptimal, with clubs citing COVID-19 restrictions and cumbersome hardware set-up as primary reasons for non-participation/missing data, a BrainEye score that derived from an algorithm combining smooth pursuit and pupillary light reflex measures, achieved 100% sensitivity relative to clinical judgement, in identifying all instances of clinically diagnosed concussion, and 85% specificity.

Conclusions: Collectively, the results of this study suggest that by removing the requirement for add-on hardware and providing a smartphone-only option with direct feedback on performance to the user, the BrainEye application may provide a useful screening tool for sport-related concussion.

Abstract Image

Abstract Image

Abstract Image

研究BrainEye智能手机眼动追踪应用和平台在脑震荡管理中的效用。
背景:脑震荡是从事碰撞运动的常见后果,通常症状轻微,短暂性,对诊断和管理构成相当大的挑战。对于基层/非专业水平的运动员来说,这一挑战被大大放大了,因为他们缺乏现场医疗专家来评估球员继续比赛的能力或需要进一步的医疗照顾。本初步研究的目的是评估BrainEye应用程序和硬件(BrainEye平台)作为脑震荡筛查工具的效用,具体确定(1)其在识别临床诊断为脑震荡的个体方面的敏感性和特异性,(2)通过测试完成/故障率确定平台的稳定性,以及(3)通过操作员反馈和吸收/整合到脑震荡管理方案中的可用性。结果:使用BrainEye平台,来自10个澳式足球联赛(AFL)俱乐部的348名男性职业澳式足球运动员完成了4项简单的眼部检查(瞳孔光反射,PLR;平滑追求眼球运动,SMP;近点收敛;水平凝视眼球震颤(HGN),在基线,在2022年AFL赛季开始之前,以及在整个赛季的比赛/训练/练习期间进行脑震荡的临床诊断(n = 11名球员在脑震荡事件发生后立即,14名球员在脑震荡事件发生后2-7天)。尽管俱乐部的参与率和协议遵守率不是最理想的,俱乐部将COVID-19限制和繁琐的硬件设置作为不参与/丢失数据的主要原因,但基于平滑追踪和瞳孔光反射测量相结合的算法得出的BrainEye评分,在识别所有临床诊断的脑震荡病例方面,相对于临床判断,达到了100%的灵敏度,特异性为85%。结论:总的来说,本研究的结果表明,通过消除对附加硬件的要求,并为用户提供直接反馈性能的智能手机选项,BrainEye应用程序可能为运动相关脑震荡提供有用的筛查工具。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
Sports Medicine - Open
Sports Medicine - Open SPORT SCIENCES-
CiteScore
7.00
自引率
4.30%
发文量
142
审稿时长
13 weeks
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信