Evaluation of a novel Ti/nano SnO2–CuO–Bi2O3 electrode for degradation of Hydrochlorothiazide

Abstract

Hydrochlorothiazide, a commonly used medication, is a thiazide diuretic that poses environmental and health risks when present in water sources. This study aims to fabricate a Ti/nanoSnO₂–CuO–Bi₂O₃ electrode prepared by the Electrophoretic Deposition Method (EPD) for Hydrochlorothiazide wastewater treatment. The electrochemical performance of prepared electrodes was determined using Cyclic Voltammetry, Linear Sweep Voltammetry, Chronoamperometry, Chronopotentiometry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The novel Ti/nanoSnO₂–CuO–Bi₂O₃ anode has a high oxygen evolution potential of 2.02, better stability, a long service life of 400 h, and excellent corrosion resistance compared to other prepared electrodes. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction testing were used to determine the surface and electrochemical properties of electrodes. To evaluate the performance of the optimal electrode, optimizing and achieving maximal Hydrochlorothiazide removal some factors, such as pH, current density, the concentration of electrolyte, and electrolysis time at the electrochemical oxidation were selected as independent variables of Central Composite Design. The maximum removal value of 68.81% after 120 min was obtained in optimal conditions. This research has shown that the prepared To/nano SnO₂–CuO–Bi₂O₃ electrode is a promising anode for the electrochemical oxidation of Hydrochlorothiazide wastewater.