Structural and functional tailoring of interfacial solar evaporators using 3D printing

Abstract

Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) technology has garnered increasing interest due to its sustainability in addressing the global water crisis. To date, various advanced solar evaporators with excellent photothermal properties and engineered structures have been widely developed to achieve highly efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion and controllable water management, thus realizing high-efficiency solar steam generation. Recently, 3D printing, an emerging material processing technology, has gained significant attention in constructing solar evaporators. This is due to its unique advantages in building controlled complex microstructures, which has demonstrated great potentials in promoting the development of ISSG and improving the understanding of the structure–property relationship. In this review, we aim to summarize the key structural and functional design strategies towards 3D-printed solar evaporators with high-performance evaporation features, including solar absorption layer, thermal insulation layer, and water transportation channels. We also discuss methods to regulate thermal management and water management in ISSG systems. Additionally, the mainstream 3D printing technologies for fabricating solar evaporators are also reviewed, with an emphasis on choosing suitable printing methods and developing printable materials. Finally, we explore their multifunctional applications, analyze current challenges, and provide perspectives for further development in this field.