The role of calcium ions and the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channel in bone remodelling and orthodontic tooth movement.

Abstract

During orthodontic treatment, the application of orthodontic forces to the periodontal tissues leads to the activation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which in turn induces bone remodelling and tooth movement. Calcium is a biologically essential element that exists in the internal environment and cells as calcium ions(Ca²⁺). The concentration of extracellular Ca²⁺ can affect the activity and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as regulate bone remodelling. In the cell, calcium ions play a crucial role in cell signal transduction, acting as a second messenger. The orthodontic force increases intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration through a series of cascade reactions that affect the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Calcium channels on the cell membrane are crucial for intracellular and extracellular calcium transport. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) is a calcium ion permeable and mechanosensitive receptor comprising six calcium channel subtypes, TRPV1-6. This review will focus on the crucial role of Ca²⁺ in bone metabolism and provide a comprehensive description of the function and mechanism of each specific TRPV channel subtype in orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodelling.