{"title":"An investigation of the surface structure of surfactants modified calcium hydroxide and enhancement of dry flue gas desulfurization performance","authors":"Dongjie Yan, Runnan He, Xinyi Wu, Yingping Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s11164-025-05504-9","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>) is an inexpensive, widely available desulfurization absorbent with limited calcium utilization in dry flue gas desulfurization. To improve the desulfurization performance of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>, this study provides a simple and industrially applicable method for modifying Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> using surfactants. Three surfactants, triethanolamine (TEA), diethylene glycol (DEG), and propylene glycol (PPG), were selected from ten surfactants for modifying Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The surfactants were added at mass fractions of 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%, 8 wt%, and 10 wt%. The addition of 6 wt% TEA synthesized a Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> with a specific surface area of 52.59 m<sup>2</sup>/g and a pore volume of 1.88 cm<sup>3</sup>/g. The desulfurization test was conducted in a fixed bed reactor at an SO<sub>2</sub> concentration of 800 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, a reaction temperature of 100 °C, an O<sub>2</sub> concentration of 12%, and a water vapor content of 9%. The high specific surface area Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> exhibited a breakthrough time of 60 min and a SO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity of 84.43 mg/g, more than 4 times that of ordinary Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The physicochemical structural changes of high specific surface area Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> before and after the reaction were characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the reaction mechanism was analyzed. The results indicated that adding TEA changed the crystal structure and surface morphology of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The Gibbs free energy, surface energy, and polarity of the surfactants affected the quicklime digestion, causing a complexation reaction between Ca<sup>2+</sup> and TEA, altering the surface structure of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":753,"journal":{"name":"Research on Chemical Intermediates","volume":"51 3","pages":"1583 - 1608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Research on Chemical Intermediates","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11164-025-05504-9","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is an inexpensive, widely available desulfurization absorbent with limited calcium utilization in dry flue gas desulfurization. To improve the desulfurization performance of Ca(OH)2, this study provides a simple and industrially applicable method for modifying Ca(OH)2 using surfactants. Three surfactants, triethanolamine (TEA), diethylene glycol (DEG), and propylene glycol (PPG), were selected from ten surfactants for modifying Ca(OH)2. The surfactants were added at mass fractions of 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%, 8 wt%, and 10 wt%. The addition of 6 wt% TEA synthesized a Ca(OH)2 with a specific surface area of 52.59 m2/g and a pore volume of 1.88 cm3/g. The desulfurization test was conducted in a fixed bed reactor at an SO2 concentration of 800 mg/m3, a reaction temperature of 100 °C, an O2 concentration of 12%, and a water vapor content of 9%. The high specific surface area Ca(OH)2 exhibited a breakthrough time of 60 min and a SO2 adsorption capacity of 84.43 mg/g, more than 4 times that of ordinary Ca(OH)2. The physicochemical structural changes of high specific surface area Ca(OH)2 before and after the reaction were characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the reaction mechanism was analyzed. The results indicated that adding TEA changed the crystal structure and surface morphology of Ca(OH)2. The Gibbs free energy, surface energy, and polarity of the surfactants affected the quicklime digestion, causing a complexation reaction between Ca2+ and TEA, altering the surface structure of Ca(OH)2.
期刊介绍：
Research on Chemical Intermediates publishes current research articles and concise dynamic reviews on the properties, structures and reactivities of intermediate species in all the various domains of chemistry.
The journal also contains articles in related disciplines such as spectroscopy, molecular biology and biochemistry, atmospheric and environmental sciences, catalysis, photochemistry and photophysics. In addition, special issues dedicated to specific topics in the field are regularly published.
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