Cost and environmental impacts assessment of electric vehicles and power systems synergy: The role of vehicle-to-grid technology

Abstract

In recent years, both electric vehicles and renewable energy have experienced unexpected and rapid development globally, which provides opportunities for cross-sectoral synergy through Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G) technology during the ongoing carbon-neutral transitions. To reveal the long-term cost and environmental impacts of V2G, a novel power system planning model is established by co-optimizing the power system investment and operational decisions with V2G. Two V2G modes are discussed in this study: 1) the unidirectional V2G functions as a flexible load; and 2) the bidirectional V2G serves as an alternative energy storage option. The case study in China demonstrates that V2G can effectively mitigate the transition cost in the power system and bring about considerable environmental benefits. The transition cost of the power system will decrease by 2.0 % ∼ 3.8 % and the annualized carbon emissions will be reduced by 8.7–26.9 million tons due to V2G integrations during the period of 2021–2060. The cost and environmental impacts mainly arise from altering the generation and capacity mix of the power system. It is found that V2G can improve the utilization rate of existing units, thereby reducing the required capacity of coal-fired power units. Also, V2G can enhance the system flexibility which is most beneficial to solar power integration. To fully realize the intended benefits of V2G, policy guidance holds a pivotal role. Policy recommendations aimed at guiding the V2G practice and enhancing its environmental benefits are offered based on the findings of this study.