Nexus between solar-PV adoption and wild food sustainability: Case of income from honey, fruits, traditional-beer, and vegetables in rural Zambia

Abstract

Rural Zambia faces critical energy access challenges, with electrification rates below 15 % and over 12 million people lacking electricity. The reliance on hydroelectric power, exacerbated by climate-induced droughts, has led to severe energy shortages and up to 21-hour daily load-shedding. This research addresses the dual challenge of energy poverty and unsustainable edible non-timber forest product (ENTFP) practices in rural Zambia. Despite the potential of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to mitigate energy poverty and enhance livelihoods, adoption remains limited. Simultaneously, wild foods - such as wild honey, fruits, traditional beer, and leafy vegetables - are not only consumed in rural areas, but also crucial income sources. However, they face unsustainable harvesting practices, threatening rural food security, biodiversity and long-term viability. This study investigated the relationship between ENTFP - derived income and solar PV adoption. It explored financing mechanisms tied to ENTFPs, evaluated their benefits and limitations, and examined their environmental and social impacts. The study utilized the Rural Development Stakeholder Hybrid Adoption Model (RUDSHAM), integrating theories such as Technology Acceptance Model, Diffusion of Innovations, and Social Learning Theory. Data were collected through 40 in-depth interviews, 7 focus group discussions, and stakeholder consultations across three rural districts in Zambia. NVIVO 14 was employed for thematic coding and analysis, ensuring representation of diverse stakeholder perspectives. Income from ENTFPs supports solar PV adoption by providing critical financial resources. Some ENTFPs like wild honey sometimes yield even higher revenues than agriculture, enabling energy investments. However, commercialization poses food security and sustainability risks, such as habitat degradation and resource depletion. Social impacts include empowerment through improved energy access but also risks of community conflict over resource competition. Solar PV systems contribute to reduced deforestation and CO₂ emissions, aligning with environmental conservation goals, but require balanced management of ENTFP practices to ensure ecological health. The study recommends the need for robust policies promoting sustainable ENTFP harvesting and solar PV integration. Community-driven strategies, coupled with educational initiatives on sustainable practices, can promote resilience and energy equity. Expanding alternative income sources can mitigate overdependence on ENTFPs, ensuring balanced economic, social, and environmental outcomes.