Thermal performance analysis of quaternary hybrid nanofluids with radiative and Joule heating effects in magnetohydrodynamic flow over a stretched surface

Abstract

In this study, the thermal behavior of hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) composed of aluminum ($A{l}_2{O}_3$), titanium ($\mathrm{Ti}{O}_2$), copper ($\mathrm{Cu}$), and silver ($\mathrm{Ag}$) nanoparticles dispersed in water. Hybrid nanofluids are considered for two-dimensional unsteady flow over porous stretched sheets under the influence of an inclined magnetic field and a non-uniform heat source/sink. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), using appropriate transformation. These ODEs are then solved numerically to obtain the desired results. The solution procedure is carried out using numerical simulations, specifically the shooting method and the 4th-order Runge-Kutta (Rk-4) technique. The results are graphically presented to demonstrate the effect of various parameters on heat transfer and velocity profiles. A key objective of this study is to contrast the numerical results with previous results in the literature. The analysis shows that changes in the inclination angle of the magnetic field lead to a decrease in the velocity profile. Moreover, the presence of a heat source significantly enhances the temperature of the nanofluid (NF), with variations in wall shear stress, the Nusselt number, and heat transfer rate reveal important physical insights into the system’s behavior. This investigation supports to a deeper understanding of the thermodynamics of hybrid nanofluids, offering potential for optimization in thermal management and other engineering applications.