Maternal control of embryonic dorsal organizer in vertebrates.

Abstract

The establishment of the body axis and developmental blueprint in embryos has remained to be a central question in developmental biology, captivating scientists for centuries. A milestone in this field was achieved in 1924 when Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold discovered the dorsal organizer for embryonic body axis formation in amphibians. Since then, extensive studies have demonstrated that the dorsal organizer is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. This organizer functions as a signaling center, directing adjacent cells toward specific fates and orchestrating pattern formation to establish the embryonic axis. After 70 years since the discovery of the organizer, studies in different model animal species had revealed that locally activated β-catenin signaling during blastulation plays an indispensable role in organizer induction. Then, efforts have been made to identify initiators of β-catenin activation in blastulas. Now, it appears that maternal Huluwa, a transmembrane protein, is a bona fide organizer inducer at least in teleost fish and frog, which can activate downstream signaling pathways, including but probably not limited to β-catenin pathway. More studies are needed to decode the complete molecular network controlling organizer induction.