{"title":"Therapeutic potential of ursolic acid (UA) and their derivatives with nanoformulations to combat nosocomial pathogens","authors":"Umesh Chand, Pramod Kumar Kushawaha","doi":"10.1186/s43094-025-00785-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpene derived from fruit, herbs, and other plants of the terpenoid category. UA has multi-dynamic antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. However, its poor water solubility, low intestinal mucosal absorption, and low bioavailability restrict its clinical application. Nanotechnology can overcome these deficiencies with various nanoformulations: nanoemulsion, nanoparticles, nanoemulgels, liposomes, and supramolecular gel. UA and its derivatives are used as therapeutic agents and have immunomodulatory functions.</p><h3>The main body of abstract</h3><p>Nanoformulations are popularly known as a promising delivery system for several drugs to increase their therapeutic efficacy. UA can act on many cellular targets such as bacterial cell envelop, efflux pump, enzymatic inhibition, and other microbial (fungal and virus) virulence factors, demonstrating that it can be a potential biomedicinal agent for antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. Various nanoformulations of UA have been reported to decrease the MIC of the available drugs against various nosocomial pathogens such as <i>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae,</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</i></p><h3>Short conclusion</h3><p>This review highlights several traditional and modern UA extraction and purification techniques. This also focuses on the therapeutic and pharmaceutical uses of the UA and its derivatives to treat different types of nosocomial infections. Further, UA’s comprehensive molecular mechanism of antimicrobial activity has been discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":577,"journal":{"name":"Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://fjps.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s43094-025-00785-8","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43094-025-00785-8","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Background
Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpene derived from fruit, herbs, and other plants of the terpenoid category. UA has multi-dynamic antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. However, its poor water solubility, low intestinal mucosal absorption, and low bioavailability restrict its clinical application. Nanotechnology can overcome these deficiencies with various nanoformulations: nanoemulsion, nanoparticles, nanoemulgels, liposomes, and supramolecular gel. UA and its derivatives are used as therapeutic agents and have immunomodulatory functions.
The main body of abstract
Nanoformulations are popularly known as a promising delivery system for several drugs to increase their therapeutic efficacy. UA can act on many cellular targets such as bacterial cell envelop, efflux pump, enzymatic inhibition, and other microbial (fungal and virus) virulence factors, demonstrating that it can be a potential biomedicinal agent for antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. Various nanoformulations of UA have been reported to decrease the MIC of the available drugs against various nosocomial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Short conclusion
This review highlights several traditional and modern UA extraction and purification techniques. This also focuses on the therapeutic and pharmaceutical uses of the UA and its derivatives to treat different types of nosocomial infections. Further, UA’s comprehensive molecular mechanism of antimicrobial activity has been discussed.
期刊介绍：
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FJPS) is the official journal of the Future University in Egypt. It is a peer-reviewed, open access journal which publishes original research articles, review articles and case studies on all aspects of pharmaceutical sciences and technologies, pharmacy practice and related clinical aspects, and pharmacy education. The journal publishes articles covering developments in drug absorption and metabolism, pharmacokinetics and dynamics, drug delivery systems, drug targeting and nano-technology. It also covers development of new systems, methods and techniques in pharmacy education and practice. The scope of the journal also extends to cover advancements in toxicology, cell and molecular biology, biomedical research, clinical and pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutical biotechnology, medicinal chemistry, phytochemistry and nutraceuticals.
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