Hybrid heating in the fused filament fabrication process

IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
Ionel Danut Savu, Sorin Vasile Savu, Nicusor-Alin Sirbu
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Abstract

Altering the heating regime of the polymer during the fused filament fabrication (FFF) process can lead to changes in both the behaviour of the polymer and the characteristics of the printed product. This study proposes replacing the traditional resistive heating system with two hybrid systems that introduce an additional temperature of 120–160 °C: one combining resistive and hot air jet heating, and the other combining resistive and infrared radiation heating. The samples printed using these hybrid systems were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and visually inspected. Commercial ABS and PLA filaments were used in the experimental programme. A model to evaluate the polymer’s melting during the printing process was proposed and experimentally validated. Visual testing revealed that the printed lattice structure had smaller voids, characterised by depositions that were flattened rather than circular in cross-section due to the extended time in a viscous/partially molten state. The elongation viscosity and storage modulus decreased by approximately 10%, with a slightly smaller decrease observed for the infrared radiation heat source. The glass transition temperature remained unchanged, and the molecular mobility was not affected by the additional heat. Similarly, the energy required for crystal formation was unaffected by the supplementary heat. The mechanical behaviour of the printed pieces during compression tests was also influenced by the addition of a second heat source. For both materials, a decrease in deformability was observed as the temperature of the hot air jet increased.

熔丝制造过程中的混合加热
在熔丝制造(FFF)过程中改变聚合物的加热状态可以导致聚合物的行为和打印产品的特性发生变化。本研究提出用两种额外引入120-160℃温度的混合系统取代传统的电阻加热系统:一种结合电阻和热空气喷射加热,另一种结合电阻和红外辐射加热。使用这些混合系统打印的样品使用差示扫描量热法(DSC)进行分析和目视检查。实验方案采用了商用ABS和PLA长丝。提出了一种评估聚合物在打印过程中熔融的模型,并进行了实验验证。视觉测试显示,打印的晶格结构具有较小的空隙,其特征是由于处于粘性/部分熔融状态的时间延长,沉积物的横截面呈扁平状而不是圆形。延伸粘度和储存模量下降了约10%,其中红外辐射热源的下降幅度略小。玻璃化转变温度保持不变,分子迁移率不受额外热量的影响。同样,晶体形成所需的能量也不受补充热量的影响。在压缩试验中,打印件的机械性能也受到第二热源的影响。对于这两种材料,随着热空气喷射温度的升高,可变形性降低。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Welding in the World
Welding in the World METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING-
CiteScore
4.20
自引率
14.30%
发文量
181
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: The journal Welding in the World publishes authoritative papers on every aspect of materials joining, including welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, thermal spraying and allied joining and fabrication techniques.
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