Prevalence and characteristics of tobacco use among adults in Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional National Survey

Global Epidemiology Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI:10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100194

Anel Ibrayeva , Marat Shoranov , Rassulbek Aipov , Adil Katarbayev , Shynar Tanabayeva , Ildar Fakhradiyev

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Abstract

Background

Smoking remains a major public health concern worldwide, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Despite the implementation of tobacco control measures, smoking prevalence in Kazakhstan remains high. This study aims to assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics, and regional variations in smoking habits among adults in Kazakhstan.

Methods

A cross-sectional national survey was conducted from October 2021 to May 2022, covering all 17 regions of Kazakhstan. A total of 6720 adults aged 18–69 years participated, selected using a weighted multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected through structured interviews based on the WHO STEPwise approach. Smoking status, tobacco consumption patterns, and smoking cessation attempts were analyzed. The results were reported as means with 95 % confidence intervals (CI).

Findings

The overall smoking prevalence was 19.1 %. Smoking was significantly more common among men (30.3 %) than women (7.9 %). The highest smoking prevalence was observed in the 30–44 age group (44.2 %) and among private-sector employees (53.2 %). Regional differences were notable, with the lowest smoking prevalence in Atyrau (9.2 %) and the highest in Pavlodar (30.4 %). Among current smokers, 89.1 % smoked daily, with an average of 11.8 cigarettes per day (95 % CI: 11.4–12.2). Only 36.7 % of smokers who visited healthcare professionals in the past year received advice to quit. Additionally, 42.8 % attempted to quit smoking in the past 12 months. Passive smoking exposure was common, with 26.8 % of women and 22.3 % of men exposed at home, and 30.2 % of men and 14.4 % of women exposed at work. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was low (1 %).

Interpretation

Smoking remains prevalent among adults in Kazakhstan, with significant differences by gender, age, occupation, and region. The high prevalence of daily smoking and the low frequency of smoking cessation advice from healthcare professionals indicate the need for stronger tobacco control policies, targeted public health campaigns, and enhanced smoking cessation support programs. These findings provide a basis for future research and policy-making efforts aimed at reducing tobacco consumption and its associated health risks.

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哈萨克斯坦成年人烟草使用的流行率和特征：一项横断面全国调查

吸烟仍然是世界范围内一个主要的公共卫生问题，在很大程度上导致发病率和死亡率。尽管实施了烟草控制措施，哈萨克斯坦的吸烟率仍然很高。本研究旨在评估哈萨克斯坦成年人吸烟习惯的患病率、人口统计学特征和区域差异。方法于2021年10月至2022年5月对哈萨克斯坦所有17个地区进行全国性横断面调查。采用加权多阶段整群抽样的方法，对6720名18-69岁的成年人进行了调查。数据是根据世卫组织STEPwise方法通过结构化访谈收集的。分析吸烟状况、烟草消费模式和戒烟尝试。结果以95%置信区间（CI）的平均值报告。总体吸烟率为19.1%。吸烟在男性中的比例（30.3%）明显高于女性（7.9%）。吸烟率最高的是30-44岁年龄组（44.2%）和私营部门雇员（53.2%）。地区差异显著，吸烟率最低的是阿特劳（9.2%），最高的是巴甫洛达尔（30.4%）。在目前的吸烟者中，89.1%每天吸烟，平均每天11.8支烟（95% CI: 11.4-12.2）。在过去的一年中，只有36.7%的吸烟者去看过医疗保健专业人员，他们得到了戒烟的建议。此外，42.8%的人在过去12个月内曾尝试戒烟。被动吸烟暴露很常见，26.8%的女性和22.3%的男性在家中暴露，30.2%的男性和14.4%的女性在工作中暴露。无烟烟草使用的流行率很低（1%）。吸烟在哈萨克斯坦成年人中仍然很普遍，在性别、年龄、职业和地区之间存在显著差异。日常吸烟的高流行率和来自卫生保健专业人员的戒烟建议的低频率表明需要加强烟草控制政策，有针对性的公共卫生运动和加强戒烟支持计划。这些发现为今后旨在减少烟草消费及其相关健康风险的研究和决策工作提供了基础。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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