4th generation of warfare agents – Novichoks: Threats, problems, challenges for the security of the armed forces and civilian population

IF 3.9 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115371

Barbara Wiaderek , Monika Wiśnik-Sawka , Dorota Gajda , Klaudia Rzadkowska , Patrycja Bryczek-Wróbel , Tomasz Sałaciński

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Abstract

This publication explores the characteristics, threats, and challenges posed by fourth-generation chemical warfare agents - Novichoks. These highly toxic agents, recently introduced to the international security landscape, represent a significant risk not only to military forces, but also to civilian populations, especially in the context of potential terrorist attacks. The study examines the molecular structure, toxicity, and physiological effects of Novichoks, underscoring their resistance to conventional decontamination methods and their rapid, severe impact on human health. Through the case studies, including the poisoning incidents involving Sergei Skripal, Alexei Navalny, and other high-profile cases, this publication illustrates the real-world implications of these agents in acts of targeted violence. It also discusses the international regulatory measures established by organizations such as the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and highlights EU and NATO policies aimed at preventing the proliferation and use of Novichoks and similar agents.

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来源期刊

Food and Chemical Toxicology 工程技术-毒理学

CiteScore

10.90

自引率

4.70%

发文量

651

审稿时长

31 days

期刊介绍： Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs, and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products, and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques, particularly those fostering the 3 Rs. The principal aim of the journal is to publish high impact, scholarly work and to serve as a multidisciplinary forum for research in toxicology. Papers submitted will be judged on the basis of scientific originality and contribution to the field, quality and subject matter. Studies should address at least one of the following: -Adverse physiological/biochemical, or pathological changes induced by specific defined substances -New techniques for assessing potential toxicity, including molecular biology -Mechanisms underlying toxic phenomena -Toxicological examinations of specific chemicals or consumer products, both those showing adverse effects and those demonstrating safety, that meet current standards of scientific acceptability. Authors must clearly and briefly identify what novel toxic effect (s) or toxic mechanism (s) of the chemical are being reported and what their significance is in the abstract. Furthermore, sufficient doses should be included in order to provide information on NOAEL/LOAEL values.