In Vivo Noncontact Imaging of Conjunctival Goblet Cells with Customized Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy

IF 3.2 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

Ophthalmology science Pub Date : 2025-01-12 DOI:10.1016/j.xops.2025.100712

Yushuang Liu MS , Zhengyu Duan PhD , Zhongzhou Luo BEng, Runze Zhang MS, Jiaxiong Li MS, Jinze Zhang PhD, Zeyu Meng MS, Bowen Wang MD, PhD, Jin Yuan MD, PhD, Peng Xiao PhD

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Abstract

Purpose

Conjunctival goblet cells (CGCs) play a crucial role in maintaining ocular surface health by producing mucins. However, assessing CGC changes in ocular diseases remains limited by invasive techniques and subjective evaluations. This study aims to develop a noncontact cellular resolution fluorescence microscopy for in vivo CGC imaging and investigate CGC dynamics in a dry eye disease (DED) mouse model.

Design

Experimental study.

Subjects

Freshly ex vivo porcine eyes, New Zealand white rabbits, and C57BL/6 mice.

Methods

Based on the intrinsic fluorescence properties of moxifloxacin, a high-resolution noncontact widefield fluorescence microscopy (WFFM) was customized with an all-in-focus algorithm to optimize in vivo CGC imaging over the curved conjunctival surface. A DED mouse model was established by topically applying 0.2% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) to the ocular surface daily for 7 days, followed by a 7-day recovery period without BAC. In vivo CGC alterations were assessed using WFFM on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Additional assessments included the phenol red thread tear test, corneal sodium fluorescein staining, and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) assay.

Main Outcome Measures

Conjunctival goblet cell density and area ratio.

Results

The WFFM system achieved a cellular resolution of 1 μm and a field of view of 1.4 mm × 1.4 mm. Imaging validation in mice and rabbits allowed for the distinguishing and quantitative assessment of individual CGCs or clusters on the curved conjunctival surface in vivo. Significant reductions in CGC density and area ratio on days 3 and 7 after BAC induction were observed in DED mouse in vivo with WFFM, with their values returning to the baseline 7 days after BAC removal, which was consistent with PAS staining results.

Conclusions

The customized WFFM enables in vivo cellular imaging of CGCs, offering a safe and accurate method for continuous monitoring of CGC pathophysiology in ocular surface diseases such as DED.