Molecular oncology of iodine refractory thyroid cancer current therapies and perspective

Abstract

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Most patients will be treated and cured by surgery but a low percentage will develop advanced disease. The treatment of advanced disease is at first the use of radioiodine treatment in differentiated cancer then at progression will rely on molecular alterations and consequently in targeted treatments. In this review, we will explore the most frequent molecular alterations of each histological subtype: differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), medullary thyroid cancers (MTC) and clinically tested and approved treatment. We will also report the clinical and preclinical perspective in this field.