[Dyspnea: initial management and specifics in congestive heart failure].

Abstract

Dyspnea is a complex symptom with diverse etiologies, primarily cardiopulmonary. Initial evaluation requires a structured approach to exclude life-threatening causes such as pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, or acute heart failure. Detailed anamnesis, clinical examination, and targeted diagnostic tests, including NT-proBNP levels, ECG, and thoracic imaging, are essential for accurate assessment. Heart failure, a common cause of dyspnea, is classified by left ventricular ejection fraction into HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF. Prompt diagnosis using tools like the FIND-HF acronym improves outcomes. Tailored management combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies addresses symptoms, reduces hospitalizations, and enhances quality of life.