Advanced 2D material sensors for diabetes management: A comparative analysis in blood serum and urine of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals

Abstract

Glucose sensing is essential in managing diabetes mellitus, as it permits real-time monitoring of blood sugar level, which is imperative for effective disease control and the prevention of complications. Herein,the MoS₂ and NiS@MoS₂ 2D materials were evaluated for the glucose detection in real biological samples such as blood serum and urine samples of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. The NiS@MoS₂ fabricated electrode has demonstrated outstanding electrocatalytic performance for oxidation of glucose molecules in 1.0 molL^-1 in alkaline medium, owing to the existence of well-exposed electroactive sites, quick transit of catalysis-relevant species, and a high synergistic catalytic impact between NiS and MoS₂ materials. The NiS@MoS₂-GCE modified electrode was electrochemically characterized using cyclic voltametriy (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies, which revealed the ecellent conductivity of NiS@MoS₂ material than MoS₂ material. The fabricated glucose sensor performed well in amperometric and differential pulse voltametric (DPV) studies, with low detection limits (6.4 nM and 5.8 nM) and a wider linear range (from 0.01 µM to 0.20 µM[Glucose]). The suggested sensor demonstrated long-term stability, reproducibility, selectivity, and a promising potential application for detecting a glucose concentration in real biological samples such as blood serum and urine of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.