Life cycle environmental and economic impacts of various energy storage systems: eco-efficiency analysis and potential for sustainable deployments.

IF 3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI:10.1093/inteam/vjaf035

Keshuo Zhang, Jiancheng Mo, Zengwen Liu, Weizhao Yin, Fan Wu, Jing You

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Abstract

The deployment of energy storage systems (ESS) plays a pivotal role in accelerating the global transition to renewable energy sources. Comprehending the life cycle environmental and economic impacts, as well as the necessary conditions and scenarios required for ESS deployment, is critical in guiding decision-making and supporting sustainable operations. In this study, we first analyzed the life cycle environmental impacts of pumped hydro energy storage (PHES), lithium-ion batteries (LIB), and compressed air energy storage (CAES). We then focused on elucidating the potential for carbon neutrality in existing PHES systems compared to LIBs in China by integrating various reduction measures to achieve net-zero emissions scenarios. Ultimately, we combined environmental and economic impacts to demonstrate the eco-efficiency of both ESS, supporting their sustainable deployment. Regarding environmental impacts, LIB is currently the most environmentally favorable ESS, followed by PHES. Various decarbonization measures revealed that transitioning to renewable energy sources is the most effective strategy for carbon reduction, with projected reductions ranging between 75 and 112% in both PHES and LIB systems. When implementing all carbon reduction strategies simultaneously, LIB is expected to achieve carbon neutrality by 2030, whereas PHES is projected to reach this milestone by 2040. With anticipated energy mix optimizations, carbon emissions are expected to further decrease to 22.2 kg CO2/MWh for PHES and 48.7 kg CO2/MWh for LIB by 2050. Economic analysis indicates that the life cycle cost per MWh for PHES is $66.5, approximately half that of LIB. Meanwhile, the payback period of PHES is 21 years, while that of LIB is 28 years to reach the break-even point. This disparity clearly underscores the superior economic benefits of PHES. The eco-efficiency of PHES is anticipated to surpass that of LIBs by 2028, rendering PHES a more favorable option in appropriate regions.

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各种储能系统的生命周期环境和经济影响：生态效率分析和可持续部署的潜力。

储能系统（ESS）的部署在加速全球向可再生能源过渡方面发挥着关键作用。理解生命周期对环境和经济的影响，以及ESS部署所需的必要条件和场景，对于指导决策和支持可持续运营至关重要。在这项研究中，我们首先分析了抽水蓄能（PHES）、锂离子电池（LIB）和压缩空气储能（CAES）的生命周期环境影响。然后，我们通过整合各种减排措施来实现净零排放情景，重点阐明了与中国的lib相比，现有PHES系统实现碳中和的潜力。最终，我们将环境和经济影响结合起来，以证明ESS的生态效率，并支持其可持续部署。在环境影响方面，LIB是目前最环保的ESS，其次是PHES。各种脱碳措施表明，向可再生能源过渡是最有效的碳减排策略，PHES和LIB系统的预计减排幅度在75%到112%之间。当同时实施所有碳减排战略时，预计LIB将在2030年实现碳中和，而PHES预计将在2040年达到这一里程碑。随着预期的能源结构优化，到2050年，phe的碳排放量预计将进一步减少到22.2 kg CO2/MWh， LIB的碳排放量将减少到48.7 kg CO2/MWh。经济分析表明，PHES的生命周期成本为每兆瓦时66.5美元，约为LIB的一半。同时，PHES的投资回收期为21年，LIB的投资回收期为28年达到盈亏平衡点。这种差异明显强调了公共卫生系统的优越经济效益。预计到2028年，PHES的生态效率将超过lib，使PHES在适当地区成为更有利的选择。

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来源期刊

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESTOXICOLOGY&nbs-TOXICOLOGY

CiteScore

5.90

自引率

6.50%

发文量

156

期刊介绍： Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM) publishes the science underpinning environmental decision making and problem solving. Papers submitted to IEAM must link science and technical innovations to vexing regional or global environmental issues in one or more of the following core areas: Science-informed regulation, policy, and decision making Health and ecological risk and impact assessment Restoration and management of damaged ecosystems Sustaining ecosystems Managing large-scale environmental change Papers published in these broad fields of study are connected by an array of interdisciplinary engineering, management, and scientific themes, which collectively reflect the interconnectedness of the scientific, social, and environmental challenges facing our modern global society: Methods for environmental quality assessment; forecasting across a number of ecosystem uses and challenges (systems-based, cost-benefit, ecosystem services, etc.); measuring or predicting ecosystem change and adaptation Approaches that connect policy and management tools; harmonize national and international environmental regulation; merge human well-being with ecological management; develop and sustain the function of ecosystems; conceptualize, model and apply concepts of spatial and regional sustainability Assessment and management frameworks that incorporate conservation, life cycle, restoration, and sustainability; considerations for climate-induced adaptation, change and consequences, and vulnerability Environmental management applications using risk-based approaches; considerations for protecting and fostering biodiversity, as well as enhancement or protection of ecosystem services and resiliency.