Celiac Disease and Gluten Cross-Contact: How Much is too Much?

Abstract

Purpose of review: This review aimed to examine the variability in the susceptibility of the small intestine to injury when exposed to gluten among patients with celiac disease, particularly in the context of gluten cross-contact. It sought to address whether clinicians could recommend individualized gluten exposure levels based on current research to improve patient outcomes and quality of life, given the difficulties of maintaining a strict gluten-free diet.

Recent findings: While some evidence suggests variability in small intestine susceptibility to injury, no current studies offer a reliable method for clinicians to stratify patients or recommend safe gluten levels. Research points to possible roles of the microbiome and immune responses in susceptibility to injury, though no definitive conclusions have been made. There is insufficient evidence to safely recommend varying gluten thresholds for celiac patients. While factors like the microbiome and cytokine responses may influence the small intestine's susceptibility to injury when exposed to gluten, the recommendation of a strict gluten-free diet remains the best approach until more conclusive research emerges. Future studies may help tailor dietary advice and improve quality of life for individuals with celiac disease.