nano-HA and Gel improves mechanical performance and biomineralization of 3D-printed nano-HA/Gel/CMC bone scaffolds

Nano Trends Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI:10.1016/j.nwnano.2025.100097

Şule Arıcı , Alper Güven , Hatice Kaya , Fatih Erdem Baştan , Duygu Ege

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Abstract

In 3D printing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications, obtaining high degree of printability and shape fidelity while maintaining sufficient mechanical support are important obstacles. To address this issue, in this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is used as a viscosity enhancer to improve shape fidelity of 3D-printed hydroxyapatite (nano-HA)/ gelatin (Gel) constructs. nano-HA/Gel/CMC hydrogels were 3D printed with varying compositions, gelatin ratios of 7.5 % and 15 %, a constant CMC ratio of 7.5 %, and HA ratios of 10 % and 20 %. After the EDC/NHS (100 mM:20 mM) crosslinking procedure, the effects of nano-HA and Gel concentrations were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, printability studies, mechanical analysis, water contact angle, % water uptake, % weigh loss and pH studies. Additionally, bioactivity, cell culture and biomineralization studies were conducted. The printability was reduced when 20 % HA was added due to swelling with addition of nano-HA. The results indicated that nano-HA addition and 15 % Gel highly improves the mechanical properties and the highest compressive strength reached 2.6 MPa for HA10/G15/C7.5. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were attached and proliferated on all study groups. Alizarin red staining and SBF studies showed high bioactivity of the samples. According to the experimental results, 3D-printed nano-HA/Gel/CMC scaffolds show potential for bone tissue engineering.

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纳米ha和凝胶提高了3d打印纳米ha /凝胶/CMC骨支架的力学性能和生物矿化

在用于骨组织工程的3D打印支架中，在保持足够的机械支撑的同时，获得高的可打印性和形状保真度是重要的障碍。为了解决这个问题，在本研究中，羧甲基纤维素（CMC）被用作粘度增强剂，以提高3d打印羟基磷灰石（纳米ha）/明胶（凝胶）结构的形状保真度。3D打印纳米HA/凝胶/CMC水凝胶，其组成不同，明胶比例为7.5%和15%，恒定的CMC比例为7.5%，HA比例为10%和20%。EDC/NHS （100 mM:20 mM）交联后，通过傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）分析、可印刷性研究、力学分析、水接触角、%吸水率、%失重率和pH研究，研究了纳米ha和凝胶浓度的影响。此外，还进行了生物活性、细胞培养和生物矿化研究。当添加20%的HA时，由于添加纳米HA会产生膨胀，印刷性降低。结果表明，添加纳米ha和15%凝胶可显著改善HA10/G15/C7.5的力学性能，抗压强度最高可达2.6 MPa。MC3T3-E1前成骨细胞在各研究组均有粘附和增殖。茜素红染色和SBF研究表明，样品具有较高的生物活性。实验结果表明，3d打印的纳米ha /Gel/CMC支架具有骨组织工程的潜力。

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Nano Trends

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