Comparative analysis of seawater uranium extraction materials: Toward the development of bio-based and biomimetic materials

Abstract

Globally, the identified exploitable uranium resources are being rapidly depleted, while the escalating demand for uranium is placing unprecedented pressure on the supply chain. Although the ocean contains more than 1000 times the uranium reserves found on land, the extremely low concentration of uranium in seawater and the complexity of the marine environment have hindered the economic viability of seawater uranium extraction compared to land-based mining. Over the past six decades, researchers have concentrated on two critical areas to reduce the costs associated with seawater uranium extraction: the discovery of novel uranium adsorption materials and the scaling-up of the extraction process. This review synthesizes advancements in various types of uranium extraction materials, provides a comparative analysis of their performance and efficiency, and offers insights into the potential development of bio-based materials or biosorbents for uranium adsorption under the unique conditions of the marine environment. The aim is to pave new avenues and directions for the future development of seawater uranium extraction technologies.