Impact of Water Halinity on the Presence of Hypersulfidic Materials in Estuarine Tidal Marsh Soils, Chesapeake Bay (USA)

IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q2 SOIL SCIENCE
Martin Rabenhorst, Isabelle Dallam, Jordan Kim
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In brackish tidal marsh soils, sulfate reduction processes commonly lead to the formation of Fe sulfide minerals, and if the accumulated potential acidity exceeds the ability of other components for neutralisation, can lead to the occurrence of hypersulfidic soil materials, which if disturbed and oxidised, can become extremely acid (sulfate) soils. In estuarine/riverine marshes that are fed by fresh water flowing into an estuary, a pronounced halinity gradient exists along the course of the stream, with upstream portions being fresher and downstream sections being more strongly influenced by salts. Thus, it is expected that hypersulfidic materials will be less prevalent in upstream sections, and this is reflected in the concepts used in soil mapping of the marshes in the Chesapeake Bay estuary (hypersulfidic materials not being recognised when stream halinity is lower than about 2 ppt). This study was designed to examine tidal marsh soils that span a halinity gradient in estuarine/riverine marshes. Soils at eight sites were identified for study that had stream halinity ranging between 0.10 and 8.8 ppt. Soil morphology was described and samples collected from each horizon, which were examined by documenting pH change during moist aerobic incubation (MAI). Surprisingly, all soils, even those with halinity between 0.10 and 1.0 ppt, contained horizons that became extremely acid (pH < 4.0) within 14 weeks during MAI. Examination of salts that developed in the samples during MAI were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction to be mainly sulfate salts, confirming that the acidity was derived from oxidation of sulfide minerals. We expect that occasional pulses of sulfate enriched water, such as occurs during storm events, may provide sufficient stream water sulfate to lead to formation and accumulation of Fe sulfide minerals sufficient to form hypersulfidic materials. Continued rising sea levels under the current warming climate scenario might also exacerbate this worldwide. These observations suggest that a review of the mapping paradigm used in Chesapeake Bay may be in order. Potential modifications to existing soil maps of marshes around Chesapeake Bay should perhaps recognise soils with hypersulfidic materials extending further up the tidal estuary than previously recorded. This work may also have implications for mapping of similar estuarine tidal marsh soils in other parts of the country or the world.

Abstract Image

美国切萨皮克湾河口潮汐沼泽土壤中水盐度对高硫物质存在的影响
在半咸的潮汐沼泽土壤中,硫酸盐还原过程通常会导致硫化铁矿物的形成,如果积累的潜在酸度超过了其他成分的中和能力,就会导致高硫土壤物质的出现,这些土壤物质如果受到干扰和氧化,就会变成极酸(硫酸盐)土壤。在由流入河口的淡水喂养的河口/河流沼泽中,沿河道存在明显的盐度梯度,上游部分较新鲜,下游部分受盐的影响更强烈。因此,预计高硫化物物质在上游部分将不那么普遍,这反映在切萨皮克湾河口沼泽土壤制图中使用的概念中(当溪流盐度低于约2 ppt时,高硫化物物质不被识别)。本研究旨在研究河口/河流沼泽中跨越盐度梯度的潮汐沼泽土壤。八个地点的土壤被确定为研究,其溪流盐度范围在0.10至8.8 ppt之间。描述了土壤形态,并从每个层收集了样品,通过记录潮湿好氧培养(MAI)期间的pH变化来检查土壤形态。令人惊讶的是,在MAI期间的14周内,所有的土壤,即使是那些盐度在0.10到1.0 ppt之间的土壤,都含有变得非常酸(pH < 4.0)的土壤。通过x射线衍射检查,在MAI期间样品中形成的盐主要是硫酸盐盐,证实了酸性来自硫化物矿物的氧化。我们预计,偶尔的硫酸盐富水脉冲,如发生在风暴事件期间,可能提供足够的水流硫酸盐,导致铁硫化物矿物的形成和积累,足以形成高硫物质。在目前气候变暖的情况下,海平面持续上升也可能加剧全球范围内的这种情况。这些观察结果表明,对切萨皮克湾使用的制图范式进行审查可能是有必要的。对切萨皮克湾周围沼泽的现有土壤地图的潜在修改可能会识别出高硫化物物质的土壤,这些土壤比以前记录的要向潮汐河口延伸得更远。这项工作也可能对绘制该国或世界其他地区类似的河口潮汐沼泽土壤具有启示意义。
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来源期刊
European Journal of Soil Science
European Journal of Soil Science 农林科学-土壤科学
CiteScore
8.20
自引率
4.80%
发文量
117
审稿时长
5 months
期刊介绍: The EJSS is an international journal that publishes outstanding papers in soil science that advance the theoretical and mechanistic understanding of physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions in soils acting from molecular to continental scales in natural and managed environments.
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