Numerical simulation of steady incompressible flow of Maxwell hybrid nanofluid (MgO−Ag/H2O) with thermal and flow behavior analysis

Abstract

This paper examines the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a hybrid nanofluid (HNF) over a radially stretching sheet under the applied magnetic field with heat transfer. The main objective is to investigate the consequence of the magnetic field strength, heat transfer, and non-Newtonian behavior on the velocity and thermal distribution of the Maxwell hybrid nanofluid (MHNF). The momentum equation captures the contribution due to the magnetic field and heat transfer along with the non-Newtonian viscous dissipation effect. Additionally, the energy equation is formulated to reflect heat transfer dynamics including thermal conduction, viscous dissipation, and a source term. The study also considers the thermophysical properties of the nanofluid, which are dynamic viscosity, density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity modeled through nanoparticle volume fractions. Boundary conditions at the wall and infinite distance are also provided for velocity and temperature profiles. Properties of hybrid nanofluids are computed through established mixing models considering both interactions of nanoparticles dispersed into a base fluid-water and water-based $\mathrm{Ag}$ and $\mathrm{MgO}$ nanoparticles. The proposed model is aimed at providing insight into the effects of magnetic field strength, heat transfer, and non-Newtonian behavior on the flow and heat transfer features of HNFs. The results show that an increased magnetic field parameter reduces the velocity profile caused by the Lorentz force-induced effect but increases the temperature profile through heat transfer. The slip parameter aids fluid motion by reducing drag but with a higher volume fraction of nanoparticles, thermal conductivity is enhanced while velocity decreases due to an increase in viscosity.