Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVF) in freshwater bathing areas: necessary sunscreen protection versus environmental threat

IF 11.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Water Research Pub Date : 2025-03-02 DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.123423

Agata Stolecka, Przemysław Mielczarek, Marta Koziarska, Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska

{"title":"Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVF) in freshwater bathing areas: necessary sunscreen protection versus environmental threat","authors":"Agata Stolecka, Przemysław Mielczarek, Marta Koziarska, Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123423","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of seven organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs), namely benzophenone-3 (BP3), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), octocrylene (OC), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (IAMC), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM), and homosalate (HMS), in Polish freshwater ecosystems, providing novel insights into their seasonal variability and ecological risks. Water samples from three recreational lakes and a reference reservoir were collected in April and July from both surface and water column layers were analysed to quantify OUVFs concentrations and calculate aquatic risk quotients (RQs). Our results revealed a clear seasonal pattern, with significantly higher OUVF concentrations in July, particularly at Kryspinów reservoir, coinciding with peak tourist activity. IAMC, HMS, and BMDBM were the main contributors to moderate cumulative risk values with localized high-risk values at Kryspinów, while the reference site exhibited consistently low contamination and negligible risks. This study not only establishes a baseline for OUVF contamination in Central European recreational waters but also demonstrates the utility of a multi-depth sampling approach in assessing pollution dynamics. The findings contribute to the growing understanding of emerging contaminants in freshwater ecosystems and underline the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and regulatory measures.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water Research","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123423","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of seven organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs), namely benzophenone-3 (BP3), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), octocrylene (OC), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (IAMC), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM), and homosalate (HMS), in Polish freshwater ecosystems, providing novel insights into their seasonal variability and ecological risks. Water samples from three recreational lakes and a reference reservoir were collected in April and July from both surface and water column layers were analysed to quantify OUVFs concentrations and calculate aquatic risk quotients (RQs). Our results revealed a clear seasonal pattern, with significantly higher OUVF concentrations in July, particularly at Kryspinów reservoir, coinciding with peak tourist activity. IAMC, HMS, and BMDBM were the main contributors to moderate cumulative risk values with localized high-risk values at Kryspinów, while the reference site exhibited consistently low contamination and negligible risks. This study not only establishes a baseline for OUVF contamination in Central European recreational waters but also demonstrates the utility of a multi-depth sampling approach in assessing pollution dynamics. The findings contribute to the growing understanding of emerging contaminants in freshwater ecosystems and underline the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and regulatory measures.

查看原文本刊更多论文

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Water Research 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

20.80

自引率

9.40%

发文量

1307

审稿时长

38 days

期刊介绍： Water Research, along with its open access companion journal Water Research X, serves as a platform for publishing original research papers covering various aspects of the science and technology related to the anthropogenic water cycle, water quality, and its management worldwide. The audience targeted by the journal comprises biologists, chemical engineers, chemists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, limnologists, and microbiologists. The scope of the journal include: •Treatment processes for water and wastewaters (municipal, agricultural, industrial, and on-site treatment), including resource recovery and residuals management; •Urban hydrology including sewer systems, stormwater management, and green infrastructure; •Drinking water treatment and distribution; •Potable and non-potable water reuse; •Sanitation, public health, and risk assessment; •Anaerobic digestion, solid and hazardous waste management, including source characterization and the effects and control of leachates and gaseous emissions; •Contaminants (chemical, microbial, anthropogenic particles such as nanoparticles or microplastics) and related water quality sensing, monitoring, fate, and assessment; •Anthropogenic impacts on inland, tidal, coastal and urban waters, focusing on surface and ground waters, and point and non-point sources of pollution; •Environmental restoration, linked to surface water, groundwater and groundwater remediation; •Analysis of the interfaces between sediments and water, and between water and atmosphere, focusing specifically on anthropogenic impacts; •Mathematical modelling, systems analysis, machine learning, and beneficial use of big data related to the anthropogenic water cycle; •Socio-economic, policy, and regulations studies.