Akshay Verma, Gaurav Sharma, Tongtong Wang, Amit Kumar, Pooja Dhiman, Alberto García-Peñas
{"title":"Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based magnetic photocatalysts for removal of antibiotics","authors":"Akshay Verma, Gaurav Sharma, Tongtong Wang, Amit Kumar, Pooja Dhiman, Alberto García-Peñas","doi":"10.1007/s42823-024-00811-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing presence of antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems has raised serious concerns about their ecological and human health impacts. In response, extensive research has focused on the degradation and removal of these stubborn pollutants. Among various approaches, heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained prominence due to its effectiveness in eliminating diverse contaminants from water. This method stands out for its cost-efficiency, environmental friendliness, and high performance, making it a practical solution for pollutant mitigation. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) has attracted significant attention for developing advanced photocatalysts. Its non-metallic nature, robust stability, suitable electronic configuration, and favorable 2.7 eV band gap make it an excellent candidate. However, g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> faces challenges such as limited visible-light absorption, rapid charge recombination, low oxidation power, and poor texture, which hinder its photocatalytic efficiency. These issues can be addressed by developing g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-composite-based magnetic semiconductor photocatalysts possessing compatible energy bands. Integrating magnetic materials with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> photocatalysts offers new possibilities for easy separation and recyclability, enhancing practical use. While previous studies have also detailed various modification methods for g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based materials, the structure-performance relationships of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, particularly for detecting and degrading antibiotics, need further exploration. This review critically examines the utilization of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based magnetic photocatalysts for antibiotic removal, exploring fabrication techniques, physical properties, and performance metrics. Various strategies to optimize their efficiency, including doping, heterojunction formation, and surface modification, are also covered. It also delves into the mechanisms of photocatalytic antibiotic degradation, addressing challenges and opportunities in developing these materials. Ultimately, we propose that the synergy of magnetic components into g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> not only represents a significant advancement in photocatalyst design but also opens new avenues for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, demonstrating a high level of novelty in the field. The review provides valuable insights into current research and potential advancements in antibiotic remediation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"35 1","pages":"45 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Carbon Letters","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42823-024-00811-4","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The increasing presence of antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems has raised serious concerns about their ecological and human health impacts. In response, extensive research has focused on the degradation and removal of these stubborn pollutants. Among various approaches, heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained prominence due to its effectiveness in eliminating diverse contaminants from water. This method stands out for its cost-efficiency, environmental friendliness, and high performance, making it a practical solution for pollutant mitigation. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted significant attention for developing advanced photocatalysts. Its non-metallic nature, robust stability, suitable electronic configuration, and favorable 2.7 eV band gap make it an excellent candidate. However, g-C3N4 faces challenges such as limited visible-light absorption, rapid charge recombination, low oxidation power, and poor texture, which hinder its photocatalytic efficiency. These issues can be addressed by developing g-C3N4-composite-based magnetic semiconductor photocatalysts possessing compatible energy bands. Integrating magnetic materials with g-C3N4 photocatalysts offers new possibilities for easy separation and recyclability, enhancing practical use. While previous studies have also detailed various modification methods for g-C3N4-based materials, the structure-performance relationships of g-C3N4, particularly for detecting and degrading antibiotics, need further exploration. This review critically examines the utilization of g-C3N4-based magnetic photocatalysts for antibiotic removal, exploring fabrication techniques, physical properties, and performance metrics. Various strategies to optimize their efficiency, including doping, heterojunction formation, and surface modification, are also covered. It also delves into the mechanisms of photocatalytic antibiotic degradation, addressing challenges and opportunities in developing these materials. Ultimately, we propose that the synergy of magnetic components into g-C3N4 not only represents a significant advancement in photocatalyst design but also opens new avenues for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, demonstrating a high level of novelty in the field. The review provides valuable insights into current research and potential advancements in antibiotic remediation.
期刊介绍：
Carbon Letters aims to be a comprehensive journal with complete coverage of carbon materials and carbon-rich molecules. These materials range from, but are not limited to, diamond and graphite through chars, semicokes, mesophase substances, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, carbon blacks, activated carbons, pyrolytic carbons, glass-like carbons, etc. Papers on the secondary production of new carbon and composite materials from the above mentioned various carbons are within the scope of the journal. Papers on organic substances, including coals, will be considered only if the research has close relation to the resulting carbon materials. Carbon Letters also seeks to keep abreast of new developments in their specialist fields and to unite in finding alternative energy solutions to current issues such as the greenhouse effect and the depletion of the ozone layer. The renewable energy basics, energy storage and conversion, solar energy, wind energy, water energy, nuclear energy, biomass energy, hydrogen production technology, and other clean energy technologies are also within the scope of the journal. Carbon Letters invites original reports of fundamental research in all branches of the theory and practice of carbon science and technology.
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