Maltose-based pyrotechnic aerosol forming composites for fire extinguishing application

Abstract

This study explores the development of environmentally friendly aerosol forming composites (AFCs) for use in condensed aerosol-based fire extinguishing systems (CAFES). Traditional fire suppressants often pose environmental hazards; thus, a novel approach using maltose as a combustible binder combined with potassium nitrate as an oxidant was examined. To modify the burn rate and improve combustion efficiency, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) were incorporated as burn rate modifiers. AFCs demonstrated high combustion efficiencies (≥ 95%) and variable burn rates (3.3–13.8 mm/s). The fire extinguishing concentration of AFC was found ≤ 53 g/m³. Comprehensive analyses including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium hydroxide in aerosols. Aerosol distribution within the fire test chamber was homogeneous, as evidenced by pH measurements at various locations. These findings suggest that maltose-based AFCs are promising candidates for the development of eco-friendly fire extinguishing systems.