Mesoporous carbon from Vateria indica fruit for efficient 2,4-D herbicide removal: Mechanistic insights from double-layer statistical physics modelling and regeneration studies

IF 4.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Diamond and Related Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI:10.1016/j.diamond.2025.112149

Ramesh Vinayagam , Sanjana Jogi , Gokulakrishnan Murugesan , Louella Concepta Goveas , Thivaharan Varadavenkatesan , Adithya Samanth , Raja Selvaraj

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Abstract

The widespread application of herbicides like 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) poses significant environmental risks due to their persistence and toxicity. This study presents a sustainable, chemical-free synthesis of mesoporous activated carbon (AC) from Vateria indica fruit, utilizing hydrothermal treatment followed by physical activation. The resulting AC exhibited a high specific surface area (327.46 m²/g) and a mesoporous architecture, contributing to enhanced adsorption performance. Adsorption experiments demonstrated maximum 2,4-D removal capacity of 226.23 mg/g at 323 K, with optimal conditions observed at pH 2 and an adsorbent dosage of 0.25 g/L. Kinetic analysis indicated adherence to a pseudo-second-order model, while isotherm and thermodynamic studies suggested a physisorption-dominated mechanism. Advanced double-layer statistical physics modelling further revealed a dual-layer adsorption mechanism governing the process. Notably, the AC retained approximately 80 % efficiency after five regeneration cycles using 0.01 N NaOH, surpassing many conventional adsorbents reported in literature. These results highlight the potential of V. indica fruit-derived AC as a cost-effective and eco-friendly material for herbicide removal, with significant implications for sustainable water treatment technologies.

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来源期刊

Diamond and Related Materials 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

6.00

自引率

14.60%

发文量

702

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： DRM is a leading international journal that publishes new fundamental and applied research on all forms of diamond, the integration of diamond with other advanced materials and development of technologies exploiting diamond. The synthesis, characterization and processing of single crystal diamond, polycrystalline films, nanodiamond powders and heterostructures with other advanced materials are encouraged topics for technical and review articles. In addition to diamond, the journal publishes manuscripts on the synthesis, characterization and application of other related materials including diamond-like carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and boron and carbon nitrides. Articles are sought on the chemical functionalization of diamond and related materials as well as their use in electrochemistry, energy storage and conversion, chemical and biological sensing, imaging, thermal management, photonic and quantum applications, electron emission and electronic devices. The International Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials has evolved into the largest and most well attended forum in the field of diamond, providing a forum to showcase the latest results in the science and technology of diamond and other carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and diamond-like carbon. Run annually in association with Diamond and Related Materials the conference provides junior and established researchers the opportunity to exchange the latest results ranging from fundamental physical and chemical concepts to applied research focusing on the next generation carbon-based devices.