Self-assembly of triazolyl-based cyclomatrix polyphosphazene and melamine cyanurate for flame-retardant, smoke-suppressing, and mechanically robust epoxy resin

IF 6.3 2区化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE

Polymer Degradation and Stability Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111268

Xiao-Jie Li , Cai Liu , Cong-Yun Zhang , Zhu-Bao Shao , Bin Zhao

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Abstract

Epoxy resin (EP) is widely utilized in construction, rail transit, and structural engineering as coatings, adhesives, and resin matrices for fiber-reinforced composites, owing to its excellent processability, adhesion, thermal stability, and mechanical strength. However, its inherent high flammability significantly restricts its application in scenarios requiring stringent fire safety standards. Addressing this challenge, we developed a novel triazolyl-based cyclomatrix polyphosphazene (HTDA) that self-assembles with melamine cyanurate (MCA) through hydrogen bonding, forming a hybrid flame retardant (HTDA@MCA) with a distinctive lamellar structure. The impact of HTDA and HTDA@MCA on EP's thermal stability, fire resistance, and mechanical performance was systematically evaluated. Compared to HTDA alone, the HTDA@MCA hybrid demonstrated superior performance, significantly enhancing EP's elastic modulus, crosslink density, and glass transition temperature. At HTDA@MCA loadings of 7.5 % and 10 %, EP achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of 28.6 % and 29.4 %, respectively. Cone calorimeter and smoke density tests further revealed a 68 % reduction in peak heat release rate and a 54.8 % decrease in smoke production. The excellent dispersion and unique lamellar structure of HTDA@MCA contributed to significant improvements in EP's mechanical properties. This study proposes an innovative strategy for simultaneously improving the fire safety, thermal stability, and mechanical strength of EP, providing valuable guidance for the development of high-performance polymeric materials.

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自组装三唑基环基聚磷腈和三聚氰胺氰脲酸酯阻燃、抑烟和机械坚固的环氧树脂

环氧树脂（EP）由于其优异的可加工性、附着力、热稳定性和机械强度，被广泛应用于建筑、轨道交通和结构工程中，作为纤维增强复合材料的涂料、粘合剂和树脂基体。然而，其固有的高可燃性极大地限制了其在需要严格消防安全标准的场景中的应用。为了应对这一挑战，我们开发了一种新型的三唑基环基聚磷腈（HTDA），它可以通过氢键与三聚氰胺氰脲酸酯（MCA）自组装，形成具有独特层状结构的杂化阻燃剂（HTDA@MCA）。系统评价了HTDA和HTDA@MCA对EP热稳定性、耐火性和力学性能的影响。与单独的HTDA相比，HTDA@MCA混合材料表现出优异的性能，显著提高了EP的弹性模量、交联密度和玻璃化转变温度。当HTDA@MCA负荷为7.5%和10%时，EP达到UL-94 V-0额定值，极限氧指数（LOI）值分别为28.6%和29.4%。锥形热量计和烟雾密度测试进一步显示，峰值热量释放率降低了68%，烟雾产量降低了54.8%。HTDA@MCA优异的分散性和独特的片层结构使EP的力学性能得到显著改善。本研究提出了同时提高EP防火安全性、热稳定性和机械强度的创新策略，为高性能高分子材料的发展提供了有价值的指导。

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来源期刊

Polymer Degradation and Stability 化学-高分子科学

CiteScore

10.10

自引率

10.20%

发文量

325

审稿时长

23 days

期刊介绍： Polymer Degradation and Stability deals with the degradation reactions and their control which are a major preoccupation of practitioners of the many and diverse aspects of modern polymer technology. Deteriorative reactions occur during processing, when polymers are subjected to heat, oxygen and mechanical stress, and during the useful life of the materials when oxygen and sunlight are the most important degradative agencies. In more specialised applications, degradation may be induced by high energy radiation, ozone, atmospheric pollutants, mechanical stress, biological action, hydrolysis and many other influences. The mechanisms of these reactions and stabilisation processes must be understood if the technology and application of polymers are to continue to advance. The reporting of investigations of this kind is therefore a major function of this journal. However there are also new developments in polymer technology in which degradation processes find positive applications. For example, photodegradable plastics are now available, the recycling of polymeric products will become increasingly important, degradation and combustion studies are involved in the definition of the fire hazards which are associated with polymeric materials and the microelectronics industry is vitally dependent upon polymer degradation in the manufacture of its circuitry. Polymer properties may also be improved by processes like curing and grafting, the chemistry of which can be closely related to that which causes physical deterioration in other circumstances.