Death and diminishment: parasitoid flies (Diptera: Conopidae) reduce foraging efficiency before killing their bumblebee host.

IF 2.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY
T'ai H Roulston, Anne Larsen, Amber D Slatosky
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Abstract

Host-parasitoid interactions typically result in either a dead parasitoid or a dead host. Understanding the effects of parasitoid success on a host can be estimated primarily as how much an early death curtails host reproduction. When parasitoids attack the nonreproductive caste of social insects, however, the effects are not the reduced reproduction of the host but rather the sum reduction in host contributions to its colony. In addition to the loss of host workdays due to premature death, there is potential for additional cost through reduction in foraging efficiency as the infection develops. To better understand these pre-lethal effects, we allowed conopid parasitoid flies (Conopidae) to infect workers from a colony of the bumblebee Bombus impatiens (Apidae) in the lab and then moved the colony to an outdoor location. Bumblebee foragers were monitored using RFID technology and an automated analytical balance positioned between the colony and the outside environment. We found that infected bumblebees foraged similarly to uninfected workers halfway through their fatal infections. Starting at day 6-7, however, infected bees took fewer trips per day, which resulted in a significant reduction in resources returned to the colony over the last 3 days of the experiment. Both infected and uninfected bees were likely to remain out of the colony at night after their fourth day foraging, but infected bees started staying out sooner. These pre-lethal effects of a developing parasitoid add to the negative effects of a shortened lifespan on host contribution to its colony.

死亡和减少:拟寄生蝇(双翅目:蠓科)在杀死它们的大黄蜂宿主之前会降低觅食效率。
宿主与拟寄生物的相互作用通常导致拟寄生物死亡或宿主死亡。了解寄生物成功对寄主的影响,主要可以通过估计寄主过早死亡对其繁殖的影响程度。然而,当寄生蜂攻击群居昆虫的非生殖阶层时,其影响不是减少寄主的繁殖,而是减少寄主对其群体的贡献。除了因过早死亡而损失宿主工作日外,随着感染的发展,觅食效率降低可能会带来额外的成本。为了更好地了解这些致死前效应,我们在实验室中让conopididae寄生蝇(conopididae)感染一群大黄蜂(Bombus impatiens) (Apidae)的工蜂,然后将这群蜜蜂移到室外。大黄蜂觅食者使用射频识别技术进行监测,并在蜂群和外部环境之间放置自动分析平衡器。我们发现受感染的大黄蜂与未受感染的工蜂在致命感染的中途觅食相似。然而,从第6-7天开始,受感染的蜜蜂每天的旅行次数减少了,这导致在实验的最后3天内返回殖民地的资源显著减少。在第四天的觅食后,感染和未感染的蜜蜂都可能在晚上离开蜂群,但感染的蜜蜂开始更早地离开。这些发育中的拟寄生物的前致死效应增加了寄主寿命缩短对其群体贡献的负面影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Oecologia
Oecologia 环境科学-生态学
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
192
审稿时长
5.3 months
期刊介绍: Oecologia publishes innovative ecological research of international interest. We seek reviews, advances in methodology, and original contributions, emphasizing the following areas: Population ecology, Plant-microbe-animal interactions, Ecosystem ecology, Community ecology, Global change ecology, Conservation ecology, Behavioral ecology and Physiological Ecology. In general, studies that are purely descriptive, mathematical, documentary, and/or natural history will not be considered.
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