A Sustainable and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst Comprising Dodecatungstophosphoric Acid and SBA-16: Synthesis, Characterizations and Study on the Synthesis of Levulinate

IF 2.3 4区化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Catalysis Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI:10.1007/s10562-025-04961-6

Anjali Patel, Anwar Multani

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Abstract

In this study, a heterogeneous catalyst was designed by comprising dodecatungstophosphoric acid and SBA-16 by wet impregnation method. It is characterized by different physiochemical techniques BET, EDX, TGA, FT-IR, ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy, and TEM. The chemicals shift of the Si–O–Si peaks in the ²⁹Si NMR suggesting strong interaction between the active species and support. Its catalytic activity showed significant performance in the production of butyl levulinate, a promising fuel blend candidate via esterification of levulinic acid with n-butanol (93% conversion and 99% selectivity), following second order kinetic reaction with an activation energy 64 kJ/mol. Characterization of the recycled catalyst shows intact properties and reusability for up to three consecutive cycles. The present catalyst is superior to the previously reported ones with an outstanding turnover number (3571) and turnover frequency (595 h⁻¹). The industrial applicability of the catalyst was demonstrated by the esterification of different bio-based acids with minimal environmental impact.

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来源期刊

Catalysis Letters 化学-物理化学

CiteScore

5.70

自引率

3.60%

发文量

327

审稿时长

1 months

期刊介绍： Catalysis Letters aim is the rapid publication of outstanding and high-impact original research articles in catalysis. The scope of the journal covers a broad range of topics in all fields of both applied and theoretical catalysis, including heterogeneous, homogeneous and biocatalysis. The high-quality original research articles published in Catalysis Letters are subject to rigorous peer review. Accepted papers are published online first and subsequently in print issues. All contributions must include a graphical abstract. Manuscripts should be written in English and the responsibility lies with the authors to ensure that they are grammatically and linguistically correct. Authors for whom English is not the working language are encouraged to consider using a professional language-editing service before submitting their manuscripts.