A nonlinear stratification paradigm for squeezing flow between parallel plates incorporating ternary hybrid nanoparticles with Soret-Dufour effects

Abstract

Nowadays it is a main challenge to find theoretically a high heat transfer efficient fluid for heating and cooling process of industries because heat transfer is a common factor of all types of fluids. The article explores the effects of highly thermal active three nanoparticles i.e. gold (Au), graphene (Gr), and copper (Cu) in a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-water base fluid and their behaviors of time-dependent flow between two horizontal plates. The considering ternary nanofluid (TNF) model contains variable physical (i.e. viscosity) properties, chemical processes, cross-diffusion, activation energy, and non-uniform heat sources with nonlinear stratifications. The partial differential equations (PDEs) are developed under the assumptions that governing the flow, energy, and concentration are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via similarity transformations. Compiling with bvp4c code based on Runge–Kutta 4th order method with a shooting mechanism is used to solve the proposed model. A thorough graphical analysis illustrates how significant parametric behavior affects the distribution of momentum, energy, and concentration in addition to the rate of drag force, rate of heat transfer, and Sherwood number. This work illustrates the characteristics of mixed nonlinear stratification and multiple slip boundaries of the fluid model and underlines the important uses of stratification in natural processes.