Modulating nasal barrier function and tissue remodeling in inflammatory diseases: the role of ginseng and its bioactive compounds.

Abstract

Ginseng, a well-known herbal supplement, is widely recognized for its pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulatory effects. This review explores the potential therapeutic benefits of ginseng, particularly its active compounds, ginsenosides, in promoting nasal mucosa health. The nasal mucosa plays a crucial role in respiratory defense, acting as a barrier to pathogens and particulate matter, while also orchestrating immune responses. Ginseng's bioactive compounds have shown promise in modulating inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing immune functions, which could be beneficial in conditions such as allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and viral infections. Histological studies highlight the impact of ginseng on nasal mucosal cells, particularly in regulating immune responses and promoting tissue resilience. Research demonstrates that ginseng can reduce inflammation in the nasal passages by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways like NF-κB, while enhancing the activity of immune cells such as natural killer cells and macrophages. Furthermore, ginseng's antioxidant properties help protect nasal tissue from oxidative damage, which is common in chronic nasal conditions. Although promising, the evidence base is still developing, with many studies limited by small sample sizes and variations in ginseng preparations. Further clinical trials are needed to substantiate ginseng's efficacy, optimal dosage, and delivery methods for treating nasal conditions. This review provides insights into the potential of ginseng as a complementary therapeutic approach for enhancing nasal mucosa health and improving respiratory outcomes.