1,4-Xylenyl-Spaced Bis-Thiazole for Electrochemical Modulating Cobalt Ions Potentiometric Sensor Relies on Anova in Fresh and Canned Samples: Optimization and Sensitivity

Abstract

This article uses bis-dihydrazothiazolone derivative called 1,4-xylenyl-spaced bis-thiazole as an ionophore for assessment of trace cobalt(II) ions using an electrochemical potentiometric carbon sensor with tricresyl phosphate as a binder and graphite as base material.The microstructure and morphology were assessed using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In addition, the elemental analyses as well as infrared, mass, and ¹H- and ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance were used to determine ionophore structure. The influence of variables such as pH, lifetime, content percentage, and others were modified. Under ideal conditions, it performed an efficient response within 6 s and pH 2.0–7.5 throughout a range from 5.0 × 10⁻³ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ M for 69 days with 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ M of the detection limit. Also, cobalt(II) ion was determined in many different samples such as water, fresh and canned fish, rice, mushroom, sesame, and Nigella sativa seed. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for the determination of cobalt(II) ions in these samples and provided evidence for the feasibility of the proposed approach as a cobalt(II) ion detection method. The recovery percentages for potentiometric sensor ranged from 98.18% to 99.75% with low relative standard deviation values <5. Statistical validation analysis was reported by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and design expert programs, ANOVA single value, and F- and t-tests at 95% confidence limits.