Exposure to different types of residential greenness during pregnancy and early childhood and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis: A nested case-control study

IF 8.2 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Science of the Total Environment Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178907

Leire Luque-García , Gonzalo García-Baquero , Aitana Lertxundi , Wael K. Al-Delaimy , Tiffany C. Yang , Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit , Mònica Guxens , Rosemary R.C. McEachan , Martine Vrijheid , Marisa Estarlich , Mark Nieuwenhuijsen , Jesús Ibarluzea

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to greenness may protect children attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis. However, evidence to date is limited while no previous research has independently investigated exposure to prenatal greenness.

Objective

We conducted a nested case-control study with data from Born in Bradford (BiB) and INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) birth cohorts to investigate the association between exposure to various types of residential greenness and ADHD diagnosis, considering both pregnancy and early childhood exposure periods independently. PM_2.5 was tested as a potential mediator of the association.

Methods

Children with ADHD were identified based on a confirmed medical diagnosis. Pregnancy and early childhood exposure to residential greenness were estimated through Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 300-m, urban green space and natural green space percentages within 300-m, and the linear distance to the closest green space in meters. We performed a conditional logistic regression to analyze the association between the included greenness metrics and ADHD.

Results

We found no statistically significant associations between any of the pregnancy and early childhood greenness metrics and ADHD diagnosis in the BiB cohort. Further analysis on the INMA cohort found that higher urban green space percentage slightly increased the risk of ADHD diagnosis during both pregnancy (total effects: OR 1.04, 95 % CI 1.01 to 1.07, p = 0.012; direct effects: OR 1.06, 95 % CI 1.03 to 1.10, p < 0.001) and early childhood (total effects: OR 1.03, 95 % CI 1.00 to 1.07, p = 0.042; direct effects: OR 1.04, 95 % CI 1.00 to 1.07, p = 0.033). However, these associations were not supported by the sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

This study found both null and inconsistent associations between the included greenness metrics and ADHD. Further research is warranted to elucidate the potential role of exposure to different types of greenness in ADHD diagnosis.

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来源期刊

Science of the Total Environment 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

17.60

自引率

10.20%

发文量

8726

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Science of the Total Environment is an international journal dedicated to scientific research on the environment and its interaction with humanity. It covers a wide range of disciplines and seeks to publish innovative, hypothesis-driven, and impactful research that explores the entire environment, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. The journal's updated Aims & Scope emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary environmental research with broad impact. Priority is given to studies that advance fundamental understanding and explore the interconnectedness of multiple environmental spheres. Field studies are preferred, while laboratory experiments must demonstrate significant methodological advancements or mechanistic insights with direct relevance to the environment.